Antonio Perez

Introduction: Cryoablation is an acceptable treatment option for small renal cortical neoplasms. Unlike extirpative interventions, intraoperative needle biopsy is the only pathologic data for ablated tumors. It is imperative that sampled tissue accurately captures pathology. We studied the optimal intraoperativeneedle core biopsy protocol for small RCN during laparoscopic renal cryoablation. Methods: Patients with RCN<4cm underwent intraoperative biopsy during LCA. Four biopsy cores were taken per tumor, 2 before and 2 after LCA by using both a standard and modified technique. Standard technique: needle biopsy device was deployed after insertion into therenal tissue at a depth of 5mm. Modified technique: needle biopsy device was deployed 1mm outside of the renal tissue. Biopsies were examined and compared with reference standard pathology. Percentage agreement was calculated across biopsy types and time points. Logistic regression was used to identify factors impacting biopsy accuracy. Results: Thirty patients with 33 RCNs underwent LCA. The mean patient age was 69.1±8.0yrs, and mean tumor size was 2.3±0.7cm. No significant bleeding resulted from biopsies. A definitive diagnosis was made in 31/33 RCNs. Ten tumors were benign, 21 were malignant, and 2 were nondiagnostic. Biopsy length was significantly longer using the standard vs. modified technique with mean lengths of 9.3mm vs. 7.0mm, respectively. Highest agreement was seen in preablation biopsies. A significant association with agreement was seen for younger age and larger tumor size. Conclusions: Younger age and larger tumor size were associated with improved accuracy. Preoperative sampling resulted in superior accuracy and the standard technique resulted in significantly longer cores. Use of preablation standard biopsy technique may result in the most accurate pathologic diagnosis for patients undergoing cryoablation for small RCNs. © 2011 by JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

El posible lógico se divide, con respecto al ser, en ser necesario y ser posible. Al primero el ser le pertenece esencialmente: no puede no ser; al segundo el ser le pertenece contingentemente: puede ser o no-ser. Duns Escoto define al ser posible como lo que no es necesario ni contradictorio en sí mismo. Al ser posible la existencia no le pertenece ni le repugna esencialmente; dada la no contradicción de sus términos, el ser le pertenece contingentemente por ser efecto contingente de una acción libre y contingente de la voluntad omnipotente de Dios.Palabras llave: Duns Escoto; ser necesario; ser posible; posible lógico.The logical possible, in relation to being, is divided in necessary being and possible being. Existence belongs essentially to necessary being but contingently to the possible being. Duns Scotus defines possible being as something in itself neither necessary nor contradictory. Existence does not belong essentially to or is incompatible with possible being, but belongs to it contingently because it is the contingent effect of a free and contingent action of God’s omnipotent will.Palabras llave: Duns Scotus; necessary being; possible being; logical possible.

The problem that underlies Rawls' The Law of Peoples is the problem of how something particular—western— may become universal and human. Rawls claims that he solves this problem by means of extending particular western rights to other non western peoples. The extension of western liberal rights is done by a second original position similar to the first one in A Theory of Justice. The paper tries to prove that the second original position, in its second step, is not similar to the first one and the parties taking part in this second original position are not symmetrically situated. Rawls' proposal falls into ethnocentrism and eurocentrism. The only way to transform particular rights into universal rights is by means of a universal multicultural dialogue where all peoples can make proposals and listen to other peoples' proposals.

Comentando la frase de Hegel de que "lo que hasta hoy se ha alcanzado en América es la expresión de una vida extranjera", se dice que todo imperio intenta repetir en sus colonias el mundo y la vida de la metrópoli. Esta copia se traslada también a la educación. La universidad latinoamericana traída por los españoles pretendía ser una copia de las universidades de Salamanca o Alcalá. Los objetivos, los contenidos, los métodos pedagógicos -memorísticos y repetitivos-eran trasladados al pie de la letra al nuevo mundo que tenía poco que ver con el viejo mundo español. El esfuerzo por repetir lo extranjero produce una mentalidad colonial que se mantiene en la Universidad con el método actual, repetitivo y memorístico de la docencia. También el chauvinismo provinciano que niega todo valor a las ideas que llegan de fuera, es producto de esa mentalidad colonialista. La Universidad ideal será la que, sin dejar de discutir y analizar las ideas y verdades que nos llegan de afuera, crea y produce sus propias ideas y teorías. La que entra en diálogo con las ideas del mundo. Esto se alcanza sólo con la investigación

Nietzsche, desde El Nacimiento de la Tragedia, critica despiadadamente al sujeto de la modernidad. El sujeto moderno, heredero del hombre teorético o socrático, es sustancia y centro del universo objetivado. Convertido en pensamiento y razón pura, se ha desgajado del Uno primario y se ha convertido en el hijo perdido de la naturaleza. Ésta, a su vez, está, como objeto, arrojada enfrente y considerada como enemiga; como tal, se encuentra avasallada por el sujeto moderno. Nietzsche propone el individuo artista como alternativa al sujeto moderno. Imitador de las dos potencias artísticas, a saber, la dionisiaca y la apolínea, su principal característica consiste en saberse accidente o fenómeno de la Voluntad cósmica y negar su total autonomía e independencia de la naturaleza. Esencialmente disarmónico, el individuo artista refleja en su obra la contradicción interna que enfrenta su tendencia centrípeta hacia la unidad cósmica con su tendencia centrífuga hacia la dispersión fenoménica, múltiple e individual.Starting with Die Geburt der Tragödi , Nietzsche criticizes the subject of modernity mercilessly. The modern subject, heir of the theoretical and Socratic man, is the substance and center of an objectified universe. Converted into thought and pure reason, he has become cut off from the primary One and transformed into the lost son of nature. At the same time, nature is objectified and considered an enemy; as such, it is enslaved by the modern subject. Nietzsche proposes the artistic individual as an alternative to the modern subject. Imitator of the two artistic powers, the Dionysian and Apollonian, his principal characteristics are knowing that his self is an accident or phenomenon of cosmic Will and denying his total autonomy and independence from nature. The artistic individual is essentially inharmonic and his works reflect the internal contradiction that opposes the centripetal tendency towards cosmic unity against the centrifugal tendency toward multiple and individual phenomenal dispersion

El posible lógico se divide, con respecto al ser, en ser necesario y ser posible. Al primero el ser le pertenece esencialmente: no puede no ser; al segundo el ser le pertenece contingentemente: puede ser o no-ser. Duns Escoto define al ser posible como lo que no es necesario ni contradictorio en sí mismo. Al ser posible la existencia no le pertenece ni le repugna esencialmente; dada la no contradicción de sus términos, el ser le pertenece contingentemente por ser efecto contingente de una acción libre y contingente de la voluntad omnipotente de Dios.Palabras llave: Duns Escoto; ser necesario; ser posible; posible lógico.The logical possible , in relation to being, is divided in necessary being and possible being. Existence belongs essentially to necessary being but contingently to the possible being . Duns Scotus defines possible being as something in itself neither necessary nor contradictory. Existence does not belong essentially to or is incompatible with possible being, but belongs to it contingently because it is the contingent effect of a free and contingent action of God’s omnipotent will.Palabras llave: Duns Scotus; necessary being; possible being; logical possible