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18Do Surgical Trials Meet the Scientific Standards for Clinical TrialsJournal of the American College of Surgeons 215 (5): 722-730. 2012.
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6Intellectual property and biotechnology: the European debateKennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 17 (2): 69. 2007.The European patent system allows for the introduction of moral issues into decisions about the granting of patents. This feature has
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87Is Futility a Futile Concept?Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20 (2): 123-144. 1995.This paper distinguishes four major types of futility (physiological, imminent demise, lethal condition, and qualitative) that have been advocated in the literature either in a patient dependent or a patient independent fashion. It proposes five criteria (precision, prospective, social acceptability, significant number, and non-agreement) that any definition of futility must satisfy if it is to serve as the basis for unilaterally limiting futile care. It then argues that none of the definitions …Read more
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34Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Health Care System Comparisons: Canada, Norway, and the United StatesJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 18 (5): 437-463. 1993.There is a growing interest in comparison of international health care data with the hope that such studies will enable individual systems to learn from other systems. Such comparisons, however, presuppose that there exist common criteria for evaluating health care systems. The main thesis of this paper is that these comparative studies are misleading because they employ inappropriate operationalizations of these criteria because the operarionalizations are based upon mistaken global conceptuali…Read more
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38Reid and Hamilton on PerceptionThe Monist 55 (3): 423-441. 1971.Until a few years ago, the works of Thomas Reid were known only by specialists in the history of philosophy, and, insofar as people did think at all about Reid and his school of common sense philosophy, it was generally thought that Kant had been right in dismissing them as naive thinkers who did not really understand what philosophical skepticism was all about. This attitude about Reid changed very rapidly in recent years. More and more people now realize that Reid was one of the most important…Read more
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12Religious, Moral, & Sociological Issues: Some Basic DistinctionsHastings Center Report 8 (4): 13-13. 1978.
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10Four. The Theory Of ChangeIn Graeme Forbes (ed.), Identity and Essence, Princeton University Press. pp. 71-83. 1981.
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5Which Lives and WhyHastings Center Report 25 (1): 48-49. 1995.Book reviewed in this article: Morality, Mortality: Death and Whom to Save from It. By Frances Kamm.
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Conflicts of interests and the validity of clinical trialsIn Roy G. Spece, David S. Shimm & Allen E. Buchanan (eds.), Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Practice and Research, Oxford University Press. pp. 407--417. 1996.
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1NotesIn Graeme Forbes (ed.), Identity and Essence, Princeton University Press. pp. 157-162. 1981.
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73An impersonal theory of personal identityPhilosophical Studies 26 (5-6). 1974.In this paper, I defend the view that the identity of indiscernibles could serve as an adequate basis for a general theory of identity. I then show how a theory of essentialism forces one to modify that general theory. In light of both the original and modified theory, I offer a new resolution of some of the classical and contemporary problems of personal identity
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243Intellectual property, state sovereignty, and biotechnologyKennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 20 (1). 2010.The issue of biopiracy has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a principle of state sovereignty over biological resources and the genetic information contained within those resources to address this issue. It is argued that this principle has not been adequately justified and that there are other solutions to the issue of biopiracy, based on different theories of justice, that deserve greater consideration. These alternatives include t…Read more
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20Should All Research Subjects Be Treated the Same?Hastings Center Report 45 (1): 17-20. 2015.One of the founding principles of research ethics is that subjects should be treated equally. In the words of the Belmont Report, “equals ought to be treated equally.” This principle does not imply that all subjects should be treated exactly the same. Rather, subjects who are similar in relevant respects should receive similar treatment. Clinical status is clearly relevant to determining how subjects should be treated. Greater resources should be devoted to subjects who have worse diseases. In c…Read more
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42Research Ethics: International PerspectivesCambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6 (4): 376. 1997.In recent years, bioethics has increasingly become an international area of inquiry with major contributions being made not only in North America but also in Europe and in the Pacific Rim countries. This general observation is particularly true for research ethics. Little attention has been paid, however, to this internationalization of bioethics in general and research ethics in particular, and there are few studies comparing what has emerged in the different countries
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