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2Guidance needed for using artificial intelligence to screen journal submissions for misconductResearch Ethics. forthcoming.Journals and publishers are increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) to screen submissions for potential misconduct, including plagiarism and data or image manipulation. While using AI can enhance the integrity of published manuscripts, it can also increase the risk of false/unsubstantiated allegations. Ambiguities related to journals’ and publishers’ responsibilities concerning fairness and transparency also raise ethical concerns. In this Topic Piece, we offer the following guidance: (1…Read more
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30Environmental Justice: More Hard Work yet to Be DoneAmerican Journal of Bioethics 24 (3): 18-20. 2024.The environmental justice movement began in 1982, when residents of Shocco Township, a low-income, African-American community located in Warren County, North Carolina, protested the state’s plan to...
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17Editors’ statement on the responsible use of generative AI technologies in scholarly journal publishingMedicine, Health Care and Philosophy 26 (4): 499-503. 2023.Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform many aspects of scholarly publishing. Authors, peer reviewers, and editors might use AI in a variety of ways, and those uses might augment their existing work or might instead be intended to replace it. We are editors of bioethics and humanities journals who have been contemplating the implications of this ongoing transformation. We believe that generative AI may pose a threat to the goals that animate our work but could also…Read more
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14Correction: Editors’ statement on the responsible use of generative AI technologies in scholarly journal publishingMedicine, Health Care and Philosophy 26 (4): 505-505. 2023.
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21Editors’ Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal PublishingAmerican Journal of Bioethics 24 (3): 5-8. 2023.The new generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools, and especially the large language models (LLMs) of which ChatGPT is the most prominent example, have the potential to transform many aspects o...
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18Editors' statement on the responsible use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in scholarly journal publishingDeveloping World Bioethics 23 (4): 296-299. 2023.Developing World Bioethics, EarlyView.
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12Editors’ Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal PublishingAmerican Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 14 (4): 337-340. 2023.The new generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools, and especially the large language models (LLMs) of which ChatGPT is the most prominent example, have the potential to transform many aspects o...
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23Editors’ Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal PublishingHastings Center Report 53 (5): 3-6. 2023.Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform many aspects of scholarly publishing. Authors, peer reviewers, and editors might use AI in a variety of ways, and those uses might augment their existing work or might instead be intended to replace it. We are editors of bioethics and humanities journals who have been contemplating the implications of this ongoing transformation. We believe that generative AI may pose a threat to the goals that animate our work but could also…Read more
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20Editors' statement on the responsible use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in scholarly journal publishingBioethics 37 (9): 825-828. 2023.Bioethics, EarlyView.
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26Green bioethics, patient autonomy and informed consent in healthcareJournal of Medical Ethics. forthcoming.Green bioethics is an area of research and scholarship that examines the impact of healthcare practices and policies on the environment and emphasises environmental values, such as ecological sustainability and stewardship. Some green bioethicists have argued that healthcare providers should inform patients about the environmental impacts of treatments and advocate for options that minimise adverse impacts. While disclosure of information pertaining to the environmental impacts of treatments cou…Read more
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17The Impact of AUTOGEN and Similar Fine-Tuned Large Language Models on the Integrity of Scholarly WritingAmerican Journal of Bioethics 23 (10): 50-52. 2023.Artificial intelligence (AI), large language models (LLMs), such as Open AI’s ChatGPT, have a remarkable ability to process and generate human language but have also raised complex and novel ethica...
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7Research Misconduct and Questionable Research PracticesIn Erick Valdés & Juan Alberto Lecaros (eds.), Handbook of Bioethical Decisions. Volume II: Scientific Integrity and Institutional Ethics, Springer Verlag. pp. 2147483647-2147483647. 2023.To promote ethical conduct in science, government funding agencies, academic institutions, and professional journals have defined some types of seriously unethical behaviors as research misconduct and have developed policies and procedures for reporting, investigating, and adjudicating allegations of misconduct. Behaviors that are not as egregious as misconduct but are still regarded as unethical are called questionable research practices. Although there is considerable variation in research mis…Read more
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24The ethics of disclosing the use of artificial intelligence tools in writing scholarly manuscriptsResearch Ethics 19 (4): 449-465. 2023.In this article, we discuss ethical issues related to using and disclosing artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT and other systems based on large language models (LLMs), to write or edit scholarly manuscripts. Some journals, such as Science, have banned the use of LLMs because of the ethical problems they raise concerning responsible authorship. We argue that this is not a reasonable response to the moral conundrums created by the use of LLMs because bans are unenforceable and woul…Read more
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47The distribution of biomedical research resources and international justiceDeveloping World Bioethics 4 (1). 2004.According to some estimates, less than 10% of the world's biomedical research funds are dedicated to addressing problems that are responsible for 90% of the world's burden of disease. This paper explains why this disparity exists and what should be done about it. It argues that the disparity exists because: 1) multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies do not regard research and development investments on the health problems of developing nations to be economically lucrative; and 2…Read more
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113Scientific Research and the Public TrustScience and Engineering Ethics 17 (3): 399-409. 2011.This essay analyzes the concept of public trust in science and offers some guidance for ethicists, scientists, and policymakers who use this idea defend ethical rules or policies pertaining to the conduct of research. While the notion that public trusts science makes sense in the abstract, it may not be sufficiently focused to support the various rules and policies that authors have tried to derive from it, because the public is not a uniform body with a common set of interests. Well-focused arg…Read more
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13Should authorship on scientific publications be treated as a right?Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (11): 776-778. 2023.Sometimes researchers explicitly or implicitly conceive of authorship in terms of moral or ethical rights to authorship when they are dealing with authorship issues. Because treating authorship as a right can encourage unethical behaviours, such as honorary and ghost authorship, buying and selling authorship, and unfair treatment of researchers, we recommend that researchers not conceive of authorship in this way but view it as a description about contributions to research. However, we acknowled…Read more
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61Review of Biotechnology and the Human Good (review)Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 2 (1). 2008.Biotechnology and the Human Good by C. Ben Mitchell, Edmund D. Pellegrino, Jean Bethke Elshstain, and Scott B. Rae is a thoughtful, carefully argued perspective on the ethics of new developments in biotechnology, such as human enhancement, human germ-line engineering, cloning, nanotechnology, and cybernetics.
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69Ethical Dilemmas in Protecting Susceptible Subpopulations From Environmental Health Risks: Liberty, Utility, Fairness, and Accountability for ReasonablenessAmerican Journal of Bioethics 18 (3): 29-41. 2018.Various U.S. laws, such as the Clean Air Act and the Food Quality Protection Act, require additional protections for susceptible subpopulations who face greater environmental health risks. The main ethical rationale for providing these protections is to ensure that environmental health risks are distributed fairly. In this article, we (1) consider how several influential theories of justice deal with issues related to the distribution of environmental health risks; (2) show that these theories o…Read more
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64Can Scientists Regulate the Publication of Dual Use Research?Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 4 (1). 2010.The growing threat of the misuse of science and technology for terrorist or criminal purposes has led scientists, institutions, professional organizations, funding agencies, journals, and governments to consider how best to control research that can be readily used to cause significant harm to public health, the economy, the environment, or national security, also known as dual use research. This commentary argues that scientists can regulate dual use research, provided that they are committed t…Read more
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4Book Reviews (review)History and Philosophy of Logic 7 (1): 77-117. 1986.MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE LOGICSIMON OF FAVERSHAM, Quaestiones super Libro Elenchorum. Text in Latin with introduction and notes in English, edited by Sten Ebbesen, Thomas Izbicki, John Longeway, Francesco del Punta, Eileen Serene and Eleonore Stump. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984. xiv + 270 pp. $3 1.OO.JACOPO ZABARELLA, De methodis libri quatuor; Liber de regressu. Edited by Cesare Vasoli. Bologna: Editrice CLUEB, 1985. xxxviii+ 193 pp. Lire 57,000.EDITIONSG. W. F. HEGE…Read more
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49Pandemic Ventilator Rationing and Appeals ProcessesHealth Care Analysis 19 (2): 165-179. 2011.In a severe influenza pandemic, hospitals will likely experience serious and widespread shortages of patient pulmonary ventilators and of staff qualified to operate them. Deciding who will receive access to mechanical ventilation will often determine who lives and who dies. This prospect raises an important question whether pandemic preparedness plans should include some process by which individuals affected by ventilator rationing would have the opportunity to appeal adverse decisions. However,…Read more
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24Conflicts of interest policies for authors, peer reviewers, and editors of bioethics journalsAJOB Empirical Bioethics 9 (3): 194-205. 2018.Background: In biomedical research, there have been numerous scandals highlighting conflicts of interest (COIs) leading to significant bias in judgment and questionable practices. Academic institutions, journals, and funding agencies have developed and enforced policies to mitigate issues related to COI, especially surrounding financial interests. After a case of editorial COI in a prominent bioethics journal, there is concern that the same level of oversight regarding COIs in the biomedical sci…Read more
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35Science, Values, and the New Demarcation ProblemJournal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 54 (2): 259-286. 2023.In recent years, many philosophers of science have rejected the “value-free ideal” for science, arguing that non-epistemic values have a legitimate role to play in scientific inquiry. However, this philosophical position raises the question of how to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate influences of values in science. In this paper, we argue that those seeking to address this “new” demarcation problem can benefit by drawing lessons from the “old” demarcation problem, in which philoso…Read more
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5Disclosing and managing non-financial conflicts of interest in scientific publicationsResearch Ethics 19 (2): 121-138. 2023.In the last decade, there has been increased recognition of the importance of disclosing and managing non-financial conflicts of interests to safeguard the objectivity, integrity, and trustworthiness of scientific research. While funding agencies and academic institutions have had policies for addressing non-financial interests in grant peer review and research oversight since the 1990s, scientific journals have been only recently begun to develop such policies. An impediment to the formulation …Read more
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50Review of Who Owns You?: The Corporate Gold Rush to Patent Your Genes (review)Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 4 (1). 2010.
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9Philosophical Foundations of Human Research EthicsPerspectives in Biology and Medicine 65 (3): 499-513. 2022.ARRAY
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17Authorship Issues When Articles are Retracted Due to Research Misconduct and Then ResubmittedScience and Engineering Ethics 28 (4): 1-25. 2022.In the last 20 years, there has been a sharp increase in the incidence of retractions of articles published in scientific journals, the majority of which are due to research misconduct. In some cases, researchers have revised and republished articles that were retracted due to misconduct, which raises some novel questions concerning authorship. Suppose that an article is retracted because one of the authors fabricated or falsified some data, but the researchers decide to salvage the useable data…Read more
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49Environmental justice and climate change policiesBioethics 36 (7): 735-741. 2022.Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 7, Page 735-741, September 2022.
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17Precautionary Reasoning in Environmental and Public Health PolicySpringer Verlag. 2021.This book fills a gap in the literature on the Precautionary Principle by placing the principle within the wider context of precautionary reasoning and uses philosophical arguments and case studies to demonstrate when it does—and does not—apply. The book invites the reader to take a step back from the controversy surrounding the Precautionary Principle and consider the overarching rationales for responding to threats to the environment or public health. It provides practical guidance and probing…Read more
Areas of Specialization
Applied Ethics |
Philosophy of Biology |
General Philosophy of Science |