Gašpar Fronc

The publication offers an interdisciplinary and historical approach to the questions of exploration of the world with an emphasis on paradigm changes during the Renaissance and early modern times, leading to new concepts that we can accept as the beginning of the natural sciences in our current understanding. The main goal is to point out the connections between the paradigms of mathematics, theology and natural sciences, the connection of which is for the main protagonists an essential factor in the formation of conceptions leading to the emergence of natural sciences in the modern sense.

The symbolism of nature as a book in which one reads is of ancient origin. This study focuses on the question of its mathematical and theological language in the biblical context and on the background of changes in natural philosophy, especially in the Renaissance period. The biblical context is associated with the paradigm shift in the Renaissance period, because all the researched authors addressed the questions of meaning and methods of research of nature in connection with the hermeneutics of biblical texts. The change in attitude towards the method and results of nature research is connected with two concepts of the relationship of mathematics to the real world. As this world is considered to be created by God, the relationship of mathematics and matter is linked to the question of God's relationship to mathematics. In relation to nature, it was initially significantly limited to geometry, largely under the influence of Euclid and Pythagoras. In the Renaissance period, the preconditions for analytical geometry and infinitesimal calculus were already being created. Thanks to them, Newton was able to build a new physics that combined ancient and medieval approaches to astronomy and terrestrial nature, originally diametrically different, into one whole.

Freedom is a topic which has been and is being addressed by a number of authors from various aspects and on the basis of diverse philosophical or philosophical-religious postulates. A change in the anthropological paradigm necessarily produced changes in the understanding of freedom. Responsibility is a concept that is much less frequent than the theme of freedom. But without it, the explanation of freedom is not adequate and leads to many misunderstandings. When freedom is artificially separated from responsibility, it rises to the highest place in the ranking of values and thus leads to self-destruction. It becomes arbitrariness, and it produces enslavement. Before looking at the relationship between freedom and responsibility, it will be necessary to give some anthropological assumptions, although well-known but necessary for further action. It will mainly concern a man as a person, his individuality and sociality. It will also be necessary to clarify what concepts of freedom we will work with. After introducing some (basic) understanding of responsibility, we will be able to formulate mutual conditionality between freedom and responsibility.

The creators of modern science, such as Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton, begun their work based on the principles which created generations before them. Nature Research has its origins back to antiquity. The Middle Ages is in general wrongly referred to as "The Dark Ages". Therefore dominates the incorrect opinion that the science had not been developed. In fact, now forgotten medieval scholars in comparison with antiquity had brought a fundamental change in the view of nature. The Christian doctrine of God, who created the universe out of nothing and gave the world laws, prompted them to generate the principles of empirical research. Foundations of modern science were laid in "Renaissance of 12th Century", when mathematics, physics and engineering has been developed. Subsequently, several medieval natural scientists dedicated their lives to research in various areas of mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, mechanics and other subjects of science. Renaissance scholars were able to build on this platform and Newton, using the methods of new mathematical formula could establish a modern natural science.

Resolving the question of origin for human rights we can distinguish two basic tendencies. Legal positivism refers to the competence of the supremacy. Natural law theory is based on the attributes that characterize human nature. After a brief overview of the history of human rights topic and presentation of understanding of human rights in the most important documents we come to the concept of person. The analysis of this concept gives us the ability to find the most adequately explaining, why is every human being and only human being bearer of fundamental, changeless and inalienable rights.