Schaufenster Das

© 2014 American Association for Cancer Research.Background: Identifying sources of variation in the nicotine and nitrosamine metabolic inactivation pathways is important to understanding the relationship between smoking and cancer risk. Numerous UGT1A and UGT2B enzymes are implicated in nicotine and nitrosamine metabolism in vitro; however, little is known about their roles in vivo. Methods: Within UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B17, 47 variants were genotyped, including UGT2B10∗2 and UGT2B17∗2. The association between variation in these UGTs and glucuronidation activity within European and African American current smokers, quantified as urinary ratios of the glucuronide over unconjugated compound for nicotine, cotinine, trans-30-hydroxycotinine, and 4--1--1-butanol, was investigated in regression models assuming a dominant effect of variant alleles. Results: Correcting for multiple testing, three UGT2B10 variants were associated with cotinine glucuronidation, rs2331559 and rs11726322 in European Americans and rs835309 in African Americans. Additional variants predominantly in UGT2B10 were nominally associated with nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation in both ethnicities in addition to UGT2B10∗2 in European Americans. UGT2B17∗2 in European Americans and UGT2B7 variants in African Americans were nominally associated with 3HC glucuronidation. UGT1A, UGT2B10, and UGT2B7 variants in African Americans were nominally associated with NNAL glucuronidation. Conclusions: Findings from this initial in vivo study support a role for multiple UGTs in the glucuronidation of tobacco-related compounds in vivo, in particular UGT2B10 and cotinine glucuronidation. Impact: Findings also provide insight into ethnic differences in glucuronidation activity, which could be contributing to ethnic disparities in the risk for smoking-related cancers.

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.One of the primary goals of nuclear physics is to understand the force between nucleons, which is a necessary step for understanding the structure of nuclei and how nuclei interact with each other. Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911, and the large body of knowledge about the nuclear force that has since been acquired was derived from studies made on nucleons or nuclei. Although antinuclei up to antihelium-4 have been discovered and their masses measured, little is known directly about the nuclear force between antinucleons. Here, we study antiproton pair correlations among data collected by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, where gold ions are collided with a centre-of-mass energy of 200 gigaelectronvolts per nucleon pair. Antiprotons are abundantly produced in such collisions, thus making it feasible to study details of the antiproton-antiproton interaction. By applying a technique similar to Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interferometry, we show that the force between two antiprotons is attractive. In addition, we report two key parameters that characterize the corresponding strong interaction: the scattering length and the effective range of the interaction. Our measured parameters are consistent within errors with the corresponding values for proton-proton interactions. Our results provide direct information on the interaction between two antiprotons, one of the simplest systems of antinucleons, and so are fundamental to understanding the structure of more-complex antinuclei and their properties.