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30In the _True Intellectual System_, Cudworth attacks types of atheist position—atomic atheism, hylozoic atheism, etc. He generally uses ancient examples to illustrate those types, but also criticizes some of his contemporaries. We can identify direct criticisms of contemporaries by finding quotations, paraphrases, and accounts of their views in the text. My primary question in this paper is, 'how much of the _True Intellectual System_ is directly about or aimed at Spinoza?' My ultimate answer, co…Read more
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172In his Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals David Hume said that a group of earlier modern philosophers, beginning with Malebranche, held that morality was founded on relations. In this paper I follow up on that suggestion by investigating pre-Humean views in moral philosophy according to which morality is founded on relations. I do that by looking at the work of Nicolas Malebranche, John Locke, and Samuel Clarke. Each of them talked prominently about relations in their accounts of basic …Read more
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253Hobbes on Powers, Accidents, and MotionsIn Sebastian Bender & Dominik Perler (eds.), Powers and Abilities in Early Modern Philosophy, Routledge. 2024.Thomas Hobbes often includes powers and abilities in his descriptions of the world. Meanwhile, Hobbes’s philosophical picture of the world appears quite reductive, and he seems sometimes to say that nothing exists but bodies in motion. In more extreme versions of such a picture, there would be no room for powers. Hobbes is not an eliminativist about powers, but his view does tend toward ontological minimalism. It would be good to have an account of what Hobbes thinks powers are, and how they fit…Read more
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236Draft for Wolfe and Symons (ed.), History and Philosophy of Materialism. This chapter looks at the discussion of materialism in John Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding, and then at parts of the Anglophone reaction to those discussions. It considers the early criticisms of Locke by Edward Stillingfleet and the anonymous author of three sets of Remarks on Locke’s Essay. It then looks at some other ways in which readers reacted to Locke’s discussions: the views of Anthony Collins and John…Read more
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99Materialism from Hobbes to LockeOxford University Press. 2022.Are human beings purely material creatures, or is there something else to them, an immaterial part that does some (or all) of the thinking, and might even be able to outlive the death of the body? This book is about how a series of seventeenth-century philosophers tried to answer that question. It begins by looking at the views of Thomas Hobbes, who developed a thoroughly materialist account of the human mind, and later of God as well.
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561Cudworth as a Critic of HobbesIn Marcus P. Adams (ed.), A Companion to Hobbes, Wiley-blackwell. pp. 398-412. 2021.This chapter considers Ralph Cudworth as a philosophical critic of Hobbes. Cudworth saw Hobbes as a representative of the three views he was attacking: atheism, determinism, and the denial that morality is eternal and immutable. Moreover, he did not just criticize Hobbes by assuming that a general critique of those views applied to Hobbes’s particular case. Rather, he singled out Hobbes, often by quoting him, and argued against the distinctively Hobbesian positions he had identified. In this cha…Read more
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31Review of Laurens van Apeldoorn and Robin Douglass (eds.), Hobbes on Politics and Religion (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2019. 2019.
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1125Locke, God, and MaterialismOxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy 10 101-31. 2021.This paper investigates Locke’s views about materialism, by looking at the discussion in Essay IV.x. There Locke---after giving a cosmological argument for the existence of God---argues that God could not be material, and that matter alone could never produce thought. In discussing the chapter, I pay particular attention to some comparisons between Locke’s position and those of two other seventeenth-century philosophers, René Descartes and Ralph Cudworth. Making use of those comparisons, I arg…Read more
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585Early Modern Accounts of EpicureanismIn Jacob Klein & Nathan Powers (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hellenistic Philosophy, Oxford University Press. forthcoming.We look at some interesting and important episodes in the life of early modern Epicureanism, focusing on natural philosophy. We begin with two early moderns who had a great deal to say about ancient Epicureanism: Pierre Gassendi and Ralph Cudworth. Looking at how Gassendi and Cudworth conceived of Epicureanism gives us a sense of what the early moderns considered important in the ancient tradition. It also points us towards three main themes of early modern Epicureanism in natural philosophy, wh…Read more
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541The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish by Deborah A. Boyle (review)Journal of the History of Philosophy 57 (2): 349-350. 2019.Deborah Boyle's book is a splendid addition to the literature on the philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. It provides an overview of Cavendish's philosophical work, from her panpsychist materialism, through her views about human motivation and general political philosophy, to views about gender, health, and humans' relation to the rest of the natural world. Boyle emphasizes themes of order and regularity, but does not argue that there is a strong systematic connection between Cavendish's views. Ind…Read more
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800Gassendi and HobbesIn Stephen Gaukroger (ed.), Knowledge in Modern Philosophy, Bloomsbury. pp. 27-43. 2018.Gassendi and Hobbes knew each other, and their approaches to philosophy often seem similar. They both criticized the Cartesian epistemology of clear and distinct perception. Gassendi engaged at length with skepticism, and also rejected the Aristotelian notion of scientia, arguing instead for a probabilistic view that shows us how we can move on in the absence of certain and evident knowledge. Hobbes, in contrast, retained the notion of scientia, which is the best sort of knowledge and involves c…Read more
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660Review of Margaret Cavendish, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, edited by Eugene Marshall (review)British Journal for the History of Philosophy 26 (3): 617-9. 2018.
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Hobbes on LanguageIn Aloysius Martinich & Kinch Hoekstra (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hobbes, Oxford University Press. 2013.Language was central to Hobbes’s understanding of human beings and their mental abilities, and criticism of other philosophers’ uses of language became a favorite critical tool for him. This chapter connects Hobbes’s theories about language to his criticisms of others’ language, examining Hobbes’s theories of propositions and truth and how they relate to his claims that various sorts of proposition are absurd. It considers whether Hobbes in fact means anything more by “absurd” than “false.” And …Read more
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879Review of James R. Martel, Subverting the Leviathan (review)Restoration, Studies in English Literary Culture, 1660-1700 33 57-9. 2009.
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2628Hobbes: Metaphysics and MethodDissertation, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick. 2003.This dissertation discusses the work of Thomas Hobbes, and has two main themes. The first is Hobbes's materialism, and the second is Hobbes's relationships to other philosophers, in particular his place in the mechanist movement that is said to have replaced Aristotelianism as the dominant philosophy in the seventeenth century. I argue that Hobbes does not, for most of his career, believe the general materialist view that bodies are the only substances. He believes, rather, that ideas, which ar…Read more
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2361Leibniz's Mill Arguments Against MaterialismPhilosophical Quarterly 62 (247): 250-72. 2012.Leibniz's mill argument in 'Monadology' 17 is a well-known but puzzling argument against materialism about the mind. I approach the mill argument by considering other places where Leibniz gave similar arguments, using the same example of the machinery of a mill and reaching the same anti-materialist conclusion. In a 1702 letter to Bayle, Leibniz gave a mill argument that moves from his definition of perception (as the expression of a multitude by a simple) to the anti-materialist conclusion. Soo…Read more
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134Thomas HobbesStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009.Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), whose current reputation rests largely on his political philosophy, was a thinker with wide ranging interests. In philosophy, he defended a range of materialist, nominalist, and empiricist views against Cartesian and Aristotelian alternatives. In physics, his work was influential on Leibniz, and lead him into disputes with Boyle and the experimentalists of the early Royal Society. In history, he translated Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War into English, and…Read more
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2063Leibniz on Hobbes’s MaterialismStudies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 41 (1): 11-18. 2010.I consider Leibniz's thoughts about Hobbes's materialism, focusing on his less-discussed later thoughts about the topic. Leibniz understood Hobbes to have argued for his materialism from his imagistic theory of ideas. Leibniz offered several criticisms of this argument and the resulting materialism itself. Several of these criticisms occur in texts in which Leibniz was engaging with the generation of British philosophers after Hobbes. Of particular interest is Leibniz's correspondence with Damar…Read more
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2052Margaret Cavendish (1623-73) held a number of surprising philosophical views. These included a materialist panpsychism, and some views in what we might call environmental ethics. Panpsychism, though certainly not unheard of, is still often a surprising view. Views in environmental ethics - even just views that involve a measure of environmental concern - are unusual to find in early modern European philosophy. Cavendish held both of these surprising views. One might suspect that panpsychism prov…Read more
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3517Hobbes on Language: Propositions, Truth, and AbsurdityIn A. P. Martinich & Kinch Hoekstra (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Thomas Hobbes, Oxford University Press. pp. 57-72. 2016.Language was central to Hobbes's understanding of human beings and their mental abilities, and criticism of other philosophers' uses of language became a favorite critical tool for him. This paper connects Hobbes's theories about language to his criticisms of others' language, examining Hobbes's theories of propositions and truth, and how they relate to his claims that various sorts of proposition are absurd. It considers whether Hobbes in fact means anything more by 'absurd' than 'false'. And i…Read more
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55Review of Perez Zagorin, Hobbes and the Law of Nature (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2010 (5). 2010.
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2273Hobbes's Materialism in the Early 1640sBritish Journal for the History of Philosophy 13 (3). 2005.I argue that Hobbes isn't really a materialist in the early 1640s (in, e.g., the Third Objections to Descartes's Meditations). That is, he doesn't assert that bodies are the only substances. However, he does think that bodies are the only substances we can think about using imagistic ideas.
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706MaterialismIn S. A. Lloyd (ed.), Continuum Companion to Hobbes, Continuum. 2013.This is a short (1,000 word) introduction to Hobbes's materialism, covering (briefly) such issues as what the relevant notion of materialism is, Hobbes's debate with Descartes, and what Hobbes's arguments for materialism were.
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887Toland, Leibniz, and Active MatterOxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy 6 249-78. 2013.In the early years of the eighteenth century Leibniz had several interactions with John Toland. These included, from 1702 to 1704, discussions of materialism. Those discussions culminated with the consideration of Toland's 1704 Letters to Serena, where Toland argued that matter is necessarily active. In this paper I argue for two main theses about this exchange and its consequences for our wider understanding. The first is that, despite many claims that Toland was at the time of Letters to Seren…Read more
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553Leibniz on the Expression of GodErgo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy 2 83-103. 2015.Leibniz frequently uses the notion of expression, but it is not easy to see just how he understood that relation. This paper focuses on the particular case of the expression of God, which is prominent in the 'Discourse on Metaphysics'. The treatment of expression there suggests several questions. Which substances did Leibniz believe expressed God? Why did Leibniz believe those substances expressed God? And did he believe that all substances expressed God in the same way and for the same reasons?…Read more
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1098Toland and Locke in the Leibniz-Burnett CorrespondenceLocke Studies 17 117-141. 2017.Leibniz's correspondence with Thomas Burnett of Kemnay is probably best known for Leibniz's attempts to communicate with Locke via Burnett. But Burnett was also, more generally a source of English intellectual news for Leibniz. As such, Burnett provided an important part of the context in which Locke was presented to and understood by Leibniz. This paper examines the Leibniz-Burnett correspondence, and argues against Jolley's suggestion that "the context in which Leibniz learned about Locke wa…Read more
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988Hobbes on the Signification of Evaluative LanguageHobbes Studies 32 (2): 159-178. 2019.Hobbes repeatedly expressed concerns about moral and political language, e.g., about the bad consequences of various uses and misuses of language. He did not simply focus on the consequences though. He also attempted to understand the problems, using the central semantic notion in his philosophy of language, signification. Hobbes, in both the Elements of Law and Leviathan, argues that a wide variety of terms – including ‘good’, ‘bad’, and the names of virtues and vices – have a double and incons…Read more
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58Review of Samantha Frost, Lessons From a Materialist Thinker: Hobbesian Reflections on Ethics and Politics (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2008 (8). 2008.
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2469Hobbes, Signification, and Insignificant NamesHobbes Studies 24 (2): 158-178. 2011.The notion of signification is an important part of Hobbes's philosophy of language. It also has broader relevance, as Hobbes argues that key terms used by his opponents are insignificant. However Hobbes's talk about names' signification is puzzling, as he appears to have advocated conflicting views. This paper argues that Hobbes endorsed two different views of names' signification in two different contexts. When stating his theoretical views about signification, Hobbes claimed that names signif…Read more
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