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647International Research Ethics EducationJournal of the American Medical Association 313 (5): 461-62. 2015.This paper assesses the state of research ethics in low- and middle-income countries and the achievements of the Fogarty International Center's bioethics training program since 2000. The vision of FIC for the next decade of research ethics education is encapsulated in four proposed goals: (1) Ensure sufficient expertise in ethics review by having someone with long-term training on every high-workload REC; (2) Develop LMIC capacity to conduct original research on critical ethical issues by suppor…Read more
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William F. Harms, Information and Meaning in Evolutionary ProcessesPhilosophy in Review 26 (3): 185. 2006.
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2206Stillbirths: Economic and Psychosocial ConsequencesThe Lancet 387 (10018): 604-16. 2016.Despite the frequency of stillbirths, the subsequent implications are overlooked and underappreciated. We present findings from comprehensive, systematic literature reviews, and new analyses of published and unpublished data, to establish the effect of stillbirth on parents, families, health-care providers, and societies worldwide. Data for direct costs of this event are sparse but suggest that a stillbirth needs more resources than a livebirth, both in the perinatal period and in additional sur…Read more
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532How Do We Acquire Parental Rights?Social Theory and Practice 36 (1): 112-132. 2010.In this paper I develop a theory of the acquisition of parental rights. According to this investment theory, parental rights are generated by the performance of parental work. Thus, those who successfully parent a child have the right to continue to do so, and to exclude others from so doing. The account derives from a more general principle of desert that applies outside the domain of parenthood. It also has some interesting implications for the attribution of moral parenthood. In particular, i…Read more
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504When Should Genome Researchers Disclose Misattributed Pahentage?Hastings Center Report 45 (4): 28-36. 2015.Research studies increasingly use genomic sequencing to draw inferences based on comparisons between the genetic data of a set of purportedly related individuals. As use of this method progresses, it will become much more common to discover that the assumed biological relationships between the individuals are mistaken. Consequently, researchers will have to grapple with decisions about whether to return incidental findings of misattributed parentage on a much larger scale than ever before. In th…Read more
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1168Disclosure and Consent to Medical Research ParticipationJournal of Moral Philosophy 10 (4): 195-219. 2013.Most regulations and guidelines require that potential research participants be told a great deal of information during the consent process. Many of these documents, and most of the scholars who consider the consent process, assume that all this information must be disclosed because it must all be understood. However, a wide range of studies surveying apparently competent participants in clinical trials around the world show that many do not understand key aspects of what they have been told. Th…Read more
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462Transmitting Cholera to HaitiIn Drue H. Barrett, Gail Bolan, Angus Dawson, Leonard Ortmann, Andreas Reis & Carla Saenz (eds.), Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe, Springer. pp. 270-74. 2016.
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257Introduction: Case Studies in the Ethics of Mental Health ResearchJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 230-35. 2012.This collection presents six case studies on the ethics of mental health research, written by scientific researchers and ethicists from around the world. We publish them here as a resource for teachers of research ethics and as a contribution to several ongoing ethical debates. Each consists of a description of a research study that was proposed or carried out and an in-depth analysis of the ethics of the study.
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68Review of Michael W. Austin, Conceptions of Parenthood: Ethics and the Family (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2008 (4). 2008.
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383Preventing Sin: The Ethics of Vaccines Against SmokingHastings Center Report 43 (3): 23-33. 2013.Advances in immunotherapy pave the way for vaccines that target not only infections, but also unhealthy behaviors such as smoking. A nicotine vaccine that eliminates the pleasure associated with smoking could potentially be used to prevent children from adopting this addictive and dangerous behavior. This paper offers an ethical analysis of such vaccines. We argue that it would be permissible for parents to give their child a nicotine vaccine if the following conditions are met: (1) the vaccine …Read more
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261The 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: Progress but Many Remaining ChallengesJournal of the American Medical Association 310 (20): 2143-44. 2013.Since 1964, through 7 revisions, the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki has stood as an important statement regarding the ethical principles guiding medical research with human participants. It is consulted by ethics review committees, funders, researchers, and research participants. It has been incorporated into national legislation and is routinely invoked to ascertain the ethical appropriateness of clinical trials. There is much to praise about the revision process and the la…Read more
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625Introduction: The Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program in Historical ContextJournal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: An International Journal 8 (5): 3-16. 2013.In response to the increasing need for research ethics expertise in low and middle income countries (LMICs), the NIH's Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program has provided grants for the development of training programs in international research ethics for LMIC professionals since 2000. This collection of papers draws upon the combined expertise of Fogarty grantees, trainees, and other experts to assess the state of research ethics in LMICs, and the les…Read more
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485Valuing StillbirthsBioethics 29 (6): 413-423. 2014.Estimates of the burden of disease assess the mortality and morbidity that affect a population by producing summary measures of health such as quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years. These measures typically do not include stillbirths among the negative health outcomes they count. Priority-setting decisions that rely on these measures are therefore likely to place little value on preventing the more than three million stillbirths that occur annually worldwide. In contrast…Read more
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264Canada’s new ethical guidelines for research with humans: A critique and comparison with the United StatesCanadian Medical Association Journal 184 657-61. 2012.Canada’s Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans, first published in 1998, has recently been updated.1 The US Department of Health and Human Services has just issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would substantially change the 20-year-old Common Rule governing most federally funded research involving human participants.2 A comparison of the two countries’ systems for protecting human research participants is therefore timely. This analysis situ…Read more
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255How Should the Benefits of Bioprospecting Be Shared?Hastings Center Report 40 (1): 24-33. 2010.The search for valuable new products from among the world’s stock of natural biological resources is mostly carried out by people from wealthy countries, and mostly takes place in developing countries that lack the research capacity to profit from it. Surely, the indigenous people should receive some compensation from it. But we must build a robust defense for this intuition, rooted in the Western moral traditions that are widely accepted in wealthy countries, if we are to put it into practice a…Read more
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744Age and Death: A Defence of GradualismUtilitas 27 (3): 279-297. 2015.According to standard comparativist views, death is bad insofar as it deprives someone of goods she would otherwise have had. In The Ethics of Killing, Jeff McMahan argues against such views and in favor of a gradualist account according to which how bad it is to die is a function of both the future goods of which the decedent is deprived and her cognitive development when she dies. Comparativists and gradualists therefore disagree about how bad it is to die at different ages. In this paper I ex…Read more
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608Are Indirect Benefits Relevant to Health Care Allocation Decisions?Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 41 (5): 540-557. 2016.When allocating scarce healthcare resources, the expected benefits of alternative allocations matter. But, there are different kinds of benefits. Some are direct benefits to the recipient of the resource such as the health improvements of receiving treatment. Others are indirect benefits to third parties such as the economic gains from having a healthier workforce. This article considers whether only the direct benefits of alternative healthcare resource allocations are relevant to allocation de…Read more
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372The Ethics of Transactions in an Unjust WorldIn K. Zeiler & E. Malmqvist (eds.), Bioethics and Border Crossing: Perspectives on Giving, Selling and Sharing Bodies, Routledge: Oxon. pp. 185-196. 2016.In this paper I examine the ethics of benefit-sharing agreements between victims and beneficiaries of injustice in the context of trans-national bodily giving, selling, and sharing. Some obligations are the same no matter who the parties to a transaction are. Prohibitions on threats, fraud and harm apply universally and their application to transactions in unjust contexts is not disputed. I identify three sources of obligations that are affected by unjust background conditions. First, power disp…Read more
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320Introduction: Global Justice and BioethicsIn J. Millum & E. J. Emanuel (eds.), Global Justice and Bioethics, Oxford University Press. pp. 1-14. 2012.This introduction begins with two simple case studies that reveal a background of socio-economic complexities that hinder development. The availability of healthcare and the issue of cross-border justice are the key points to be addressed in this study. The chapters consider philosophy, economics, and bioethics in order to provide a global perspective. Two theories come into play in this book—the ideal and non-ideal—which offer insight on why and how things are done.
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393Sharing the benefits of research fairly: two approachesJournal of Medical Ethics 38 (4): 219-223. 2012.Research projects sponsored by rich countries or companies and carried out in developing countries are often described as exploitative. One important debate about the prevention of exploitation in research centres on whether and how clinical research in developing countries should be responsive to local health problems. This paper analyses the responsiveness debate and draws out more general lessons for how policy makers can prevent exploitation in various research contexts. There are two indepe…Read more
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600Consent Under Pressure: The Puzzle of Third Party CoercionEthical Theory and Moral Practice 17 (1): 113-127. 2014.Coercion by the recipient of consent renders that consent invalid. But what about when the coercive force comes from a third party, not from the person to whom consent would be proffered? In this paper I analyze how threats from a third party affect consent. I argue that, as with other cases of coercion, we should distinguish threats that render consent invalid from threats whose force is too weak to invalidate consent and threats that are legitimate. Illegitimate controlling third party threats…Read more
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335The Global Forum for Bioethics in Research: Past present and futureSouth African Journal of Bioethics and Law 7 (1): 5. 2014.The Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR) served as a global platform for debate on ethical issues in international health research between 1999 and 2008, bringing together research ethics experts, researchers, policy makers and community members from developing and developed countries. In total, nine GFBR meetings were held on six continents. Work is currently underway to revive the GFBR. This paper describes the purpose and history of the GFBR and presents key elements for its reinstate…Read more
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944The Social Value of Health Research and the Worst OffBioethics 31 (2): 105-115. 2017.In this article we argue that the social value of health research should be conceptualized as a function of both the expected benefits of the research and the priority that the beneficiaries deserve. People deserve greater priority the worse off they are. This conception of social value can be applied for at least two important purposes: in health research priority setting when research funders, policy-makers, or researchers decide between alternative research projects; and in evaluating the eth…Read more
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70Why Adopt a Maximin Theory of Exploitation?American Journal of Bioethics 10 (6): 38-39. 2010.Angela Ballantyne (2010) argues that international research is exploitative when the transactions between researchers and participants who lack basic goods do not provide participants with the maxi...
Areas of Specialization
Applied Ethics |
Normative Ethics |
Social and Political Philosophy |
Biomedical Ethics |
Political Ethics |