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638Introduction: International Research Ethics EducationJournal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: An International Journal 9 (2): 1-2. 2014.NIH's fogarty international Center has provided grants for the development of training programs in international research ethics for low- and middle-income (LMIC) professionals since 2000. Drawing on 12 years of research ethics training experience, a group of Fogarty grantees, trainees, and other ethics experts sought to map the current capacity and need for research ethics in LMICs, analyze the lessons learned about teaching bioethics, and chart a way forward for research ethics training in a r…Read more
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393Comparing the Understanding of Subjects receiving a Candidate Malaria Vaccine in the United States and MaliAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83 (4): 868-72. 2010.Initial responses to questionnaires used to assess participants' understanding of informed consent for malaria vaccine trials conducted in the United States and Mali were tallied. Total scores were analyzed by age, sex, literacy (if known), and location. Ninety-two percent (92%) of answers by United States participants and 85% of answers by Malian participants were correct. Questions more likely to be answered incorrectly in Mali related to risk, and to the type of vaccine. For adult participant…Read more
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847How do we acquire parental responsibilities?Social Theory and Practice 34 (1): 71-93. 2008.It is commonly believed that parents have special duties toward their children—weightier duties than they owe other children. How these duties are acquired, however, is not well understood. This is problematic when claims about parental responsibilities are challenged; for example, when people deny that they are morally responsible for their biological offspring. In this paper I present a theory of the origins of parental responsibilities that can resolve such cases of disputed moral parenthood.
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646Manipulation in the Enrollment of Research ParticipantsHastings Center Report 43 (2): 38-47. 2013.In this paper we analyze the non-coercive ways in which researchers can use knowledge about the decision-making tendencies of potential participants in order to motivate them to consent to research enrollment. We identify which modes of influence preserve respect for participants’ autonomy and which disrespect autonomy, and apply the umbrella term of manipulation to the latter. We then apply our analysis to a series of cases adapted from the experiences of clinical researchers in order to develo…Read more
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10Disclosure and Consent to Medical Research ParticipationJournal of Moral Philosophy 11 (4). 2014.Most regulations and guidelines require that potential research participants be told a great deal of information during the consent process. Many of these documents, and most of the scholars who consider the consent process, assume that all this information must be disclosed because it must all be understood. However, a wide range of studies surveying apparently competent participants in clinical trials around the world show that many do not understand key aspects of what they have been told. Th…Read more
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371Streamlining Ethical ReviewAnnals of Internal Medicine 153 (10): 655-72. 2010.The U.S. review system for human subjects research has been widely criticized in recent years for requirements that delay research without improving human subjects protections. Any major reformulation of regulations may take some time to implement. In the meantime, current regulations often allow for streamlined ethics review without jeopardizing—and possibly improving—protections for research participants. We discuss underutilized options, including research that need not be classified as “hum…Read more
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18Norvin Richards , The Ethics of Parenthood . Reviewed byPhilosophy in Review 32 (2): 130-132. 2012.
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2119Global Bioethics and Political TheoryIn J. Millum & E. J. Millum (eds.), Global Justice and bioethics, Oxford University Press. pp. 17-42. 2012.Most bioethicists who address questions to which global justice matters have not considered the significance of the disputes over the correct theory of global justice. Consequently, the significance of the differences between theories of global justice for bioethics has been obscured. In this paper, I consider when and how these differences are important. I argue that certain bioethical problems can be resolved without addressing disagreements about global justice. People with very different vie…Read more
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359Are pharmaceutical patents protected by human rights?Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (11). 2008.The International Bill of Rights enshrines a right to health, which includes a right to access essential medicines. This right frequently appears to conflict with the intellectual property regime that governs pharmaceutical patents. However, there is also a human right that protects creative works, including scientific productions. Does this right support intellectual property protections, even when they may negatively affect health? This article examines the recent attempt by the Committee on E…Read more
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William F. Harms, Information and Meaning in Evolutionary ProcessesPhilosophy in Review 26 (3): 185. 2006.
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661International Research Ethics EducationJournal of the American Medical Association 313 (5): 461-62. 2015.This paper assesses the state of research ethics in low- and middle-income countries and the achievements of the Fogarty International Center's bioethics training program since 2000. The vision of FIC for the next decade of research ethics education is encapsulated in four proposed goals: (1) Ensure sufficient expertise in ethics review by having someone with long-term training on every high-workload REC; (2) Develop LMIC capacity to conduct original research on critical ethical issues by suppor…Read more
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2260Stillbirths: Economic and Psychosocial ConsequencesThe Lancet 387 (10018): 604-16. 2016.Despite the frequency of stillbirths, the subsequent implications are overlooked and underappreciated. We present findings from comprehensive, systematic literature reviews, and new analyses of published and unpublished data, to establish the effect of stillbirth on parents, families, health-care providers, and societies worldwide. Data for direct costs of this event are sparse but suggest that a stillbirth needs more resources than a livebirth, both in the perinatal period and in additional sur…Read more
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582How Do We Acquire Parental Rights?Social Theory and Practice 36 (1): 112-132. 2010.In this paper I develop a theory of the acquisition of parental rights. According to this investment theory, parental rights are generated by the performance of parental work. Thus, those who successfully parent a child have the right to continue to do so, and to exclude others from so doing. The account derives from a more general principle of desert that applies outside the domain of parenthood. It also has some interesting implications for the attribution of moral parenthood. In particular, i…Read more
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525When Should Genome Researchers Disclose Misattributed Pahentage?Hastings Center Report 45 (4): 28-36. 2015.Research studies increasingly use genomic sequencing to draw inferences based on comparisons between the genetic data of a set of purportedly related individuals. As use of this method progresses, it will become much more common to discover that the assumed biological relationships between the individuals are mistaken. Consequently, researchers will have to grapple with decisions about whether to return incidental findings of misattributed parentage on a much larger scale than ever before. In th…Read more
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1200Disclosure and Consent to Medical Research ParticipationJournal of Moral Philosophy 10 (4): 195-219. 2013.Most regulations and guidelines require that potential research participants be told a great deal of information during the consent process. Many of these documents, and most of the scholars who consider the consent process, assume that all this information must be disclosed because it must all be understood. However, a wide range of studies surveying apparently competent participants in clinical trials around the world show that many do not understand key aspects of what they have been told. Th…Read more
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472Transmitting Cholera to HaitiIn Drue H. Barrett, Gail Bolan, Angus Dawson, Leonard Ortmann, Andreas Reis & Carla Saenz (eds.), Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe, Springer. pp. 270-74. 2016.
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69Review of Michael W. Austin, Conceptions of Parenthood: Ethics and the Family (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2008 (4). 2008.
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263Introduction: Case Studies in the Ethics of Mental Health ResearchJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 230-35. 2012.This collection presents six case studies on the ethics of mental health research, written by scientific researchers and ethicists from around the world. We publish them here as a resource for teachers of research ethics and as a contribution to several ongoing ethical debates. Each consists of a description of a research study that was proposed or carried out and an in-depth analysis of the ethics of the study.
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406Preventing Sin: The Ethics of Vaccines Against SmokingHastings Center Report 43 (3): 23-33. 2013.Advances in immunotherapy pave the way for vaccines that target not only infections, but also unhealthy behaviors such as smoking. A nicotine vaccine that eliminates the pleasure associated with smoking could potentially be used to prevent children from adopting this addictive and dangerous behavior. This paper offers an ethical analysis of such vaccines. We argue that it would be permissible for parents to give their child a nicotine vaccine if the following conditions are met: (1) the vaccine …Read more
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271The 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: Progress but Many Remaining ChallengesJournal of the American Medical Association 310 (20): 2143-44. 2013.Since 1964, through 7 revisions, the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki has stood as an important statement regarding the ethical principles guiding medical research with human participants. It is consulted by ethics review committees, funders, researchers, and research participants. It has been incorporated into national legislation and is routinely invoked to ascertain the ethical appropriateness of clinical trials. There is much to praise about the revision process and the la…Read more
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495Valuing StillbirthsBioethics 29 (6): 413-423. 2014.Estimates of the burden of disease assess the mortality and morbidity that affect a population by producing summary measures of health such as quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years. These measures typically do not include stillbirths among the negative health outcomes they count. Priority-setting decisions that rely on these measures are therefore likely to place little value on preventing the more than three million stillbirths that occur annually worldwide. In contrast…Read more
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647Introduction: The Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program in Historical ContextJournal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: An International Journal 8 (5): 3-16. 2013.In response to the increasing need for research ethics expertise in low and middle income countries (LMICs), the NIH's Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program has provided grants for the development of training programs in international research ethics for LMIC professionals since 2000. This collection of papers draws upon the combined expertise of Fogarty grantees, trainees, and other experts to assess the state of research ethics in LMICs, and the les…Read more
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287Canada’s new ethical guidelines for research with humans: A critique and comparison with the United StatesCanadian Medical Association Journal 184 657-61. 2012.Canada’s Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans, first published in 1998, has recently been updated.1 The US Department of Health and Human Services has just issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would substantially change the 20-year-old Common Rule governing most federally funded research involving human participants.2 A comparison of the two countries’ systems for protecting human research participants is therefore timely. This analysis situ…Read more
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275How Should the Benefits of Bioprospecting Be Shared?Hastings Center Report 40 (1): 24-33. 2010.The search for valuable new products from among the world’s stock of natural biological resources is mostly carried out by people from wealthy countries, and mostly takes place in developing countries that lack the research capacity to profit from it. Surely, the indigenous people should receive some compensation from it. But we must build a robust defense for this intuition, rooted in the Western moral traditions that are widely accepted in wealthy countries, if we are to put it into practice a…Read more
Areas of Specialization
Applied Ethics |
Normative Ethics |
Social and Political Philosophy |
Biomedical Ethics |
Political Ethics |