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164Proceedings of the First Turkish Conference on AI and Artificial Neural NetworksBilkent Meteksan Publishing. 1992.This is the proceedings of the "1st Turkish Conference on AI and ANNs," K. Oflazer, V. Akman, H. A. Guvenir, and U. Halici (editors). The conference was held at Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara on 25-26 June 1992. Language of contributions: English and Turkish.
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318Representing the Zoo World and the Traffic World in the language of the causal calculatorArtificial Intelligence 153 (1-2): 105-140. 2004.The work described in this report is motivated by the desire to test the expressive possibilities of action language C+. The Causal Calculator (CCalc) is a system that answers queries about action domains described in a fragment of that language. The Zoo World and the Traffic World have been proposed by Erik Sandewall in his Logic Modelling Workshop—an environment for communicating axiomatizations of action domains of nontrivial size. The Zoo World consists of several cages and the exterior, ga…Read more
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205Situations and computation: an overview of recent researchIn J. Griffith (ed.), Topics in Constraint Grammar Formalism for Computational Linguistics (SfS Report 4-95), Seminar Für Sprachwissenschaft, Eberhard-karls-universität. 1995.Serious thinking about the computational aspects of situation theory is just starting. There have been some recent proposals in this direction (viz. PROSIT and ASTL), with varying degrees of divergence from the ontology of the theory. We believe that a programming environment incorporating bona fide situation-theoretic constructs is needed and describe our very recent BABY-SIT implementation. A detailed critical account of PROSIT and ASTL is also offered in order to compare our system with these…Read more
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203Situated nonmonotonic temporal reasoning with BABY-SITAI Communications 10 (2): 93-109. 1997.After a review of situation theory and previous attempts at 'computational' situation theory, we present a new programming environment, BABY-SIT, which is based on situation theory. We then demonstrate how problems requiring formal temporal reasoning can be solved in this framework. Specifically, the Yale Shooting Problem, which is commonly regarded as a canonical problem for nonmonotonic temporal reasoning, is implemented in BABY-SIT using Yoav Shoham's causal theories.
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198Current approaches to punctuation in computational linguisticsComputers and the Humanities 30 457-469. 1997.Some recent studies in computational linguistics have aimed to take advantage of various cues presented by punctuation marks. This short survey is intended to summarise these research efforts and additionally, to outline a current perspective for the usage and functions of punctuation marks. We conclude by presenting an information-based framework for punctuation, influenced by treatments of several related phenomena in computational linguistics.
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171Information-oriented computation with BABY-SITIn Jerry Seligman & Dag Westerståhl (eds.), Logic, Language and Computation, Volume 1, Center For the Study of Language and Information Publications. pp. 19-34. 1996.While situation theory and situation semantics provide an appropriate framework for a realistic model-theoretic treatment of natural language, serious thinking on their 'computational' aspects has only recently started. Existing proposals mainly offer a Prolog- or Lisp-like programming environment with varying degrees of divergence from the ontology of situation theory. In this paper, we introduce a computational medium (called BABY-SIT) based on situations. The primary motivation underlying BAB…Read more
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187Towards situation-oriented programming languagesACM SIGPLAN Notices 30 (1): 27-36. 1995.Recently, there have been some attempts towards developing programming languages based on situation theory. These languages employ situation-theoretic constructs with varying degrees of divergence from the ontology of the theory. In this paper, we review three of these programming languages.
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189BABY-SIT: a computational medium based on situationsIn Paul Dekker & Martin Stokhof (eds.), 9th Amsterdam Colloquium, Institute For Logic, Language and Computation. 1993.While situation theory and situation semantics provide an appropriate framework for a realistic model-theoretic treatment of natural language, serious thinking on their 'computational' aspects has just started. Existing proposals mainly offer a Prolog- or Lisp-like programming environment with varying degrees of divergence from the ontology of situation theory. In this paper, we introduce a computational medium (called BABY-SIT) based on situations. The primary motivation underlying BABY-SIT is …Read more
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140Situated processing of pronominal anaphoraIn Harald Trost (ed.), Proceedings of KONVENS'94, Informatik Xpress. 1994.We describe a novel approach to the analysis of pronominal anaphora in Turkish. A computational medium which is based on situation theory is used as our implementation tool. The task of resolving pronominal anaphora is demonstrated in this environment which employs situation-theoretic constructs for processing.
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192HYPERSOLVER: a graphical tool for commonsense set theoryInformation Sciences 85 (1-3): 43-61. 1995.This paper investigates an alternative set theory (due to Peter Aczel) called Hyperset Theory. Aczel uses a graphical representation for sets and thereby allows the representation of non-well-founded sets. A program, called HYPERSOLVER, which can solve systems of equations defined in terms of sets in the universe of this new theory is presented. This may be a useful tool for commonsense reasoning.
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197Anil Nerode & Richard A. Shore, Logic for Applications, Springer-Verlag, 1993 (review)ACM SIGACT News 26 (1): 20-22. 1995.This is a review of Logic for Applications, by Anil Nerode and Richard A. Shore, published by Springer-Verlag in 1993.
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245Computational situation theoryACM SIGART Bulletin 5 (4): 4-17. 1994.Situation theory has been developed over the last decade and various versions of the theory have been applied to a number of linguistic issues. However, not much work has been done in regard to its computational aspects. In this paper, we review the existing approaches towards 'computational situation theory' with considerable emphasis on our own research
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192Modeling context with situationsIn P. Brezillon & S. Abu-Hakima (eds.), IJCAI-95 Workshop on Modeling Context in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (Research Report 95/11), Laforia. pp. 145-156. 1995.The issue of context arises in assorted areas of Artificial Intelligence. Although its importance is realized by various researchers, there is not much work towards a useful formalization. In this paper, we will present a preliminary model (based on Situation Theory) and give examples to show the use of context in various fields, and the advantages gained by the acceptance of our proposal.
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258Nonstandard set theories and information managementJournal of Intelligent Information Systems 6 5-31. 1996.The merits of set theory as a foundational tool in mathematics stimulate its use in various areas of artificial intelligence, in particular intelligent information systems. In this paper, a study of various nonstandard treatments of set theory from this perspective is offered. Applications of these alternative set theories to information or knowledge management are surveyed.
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225Issues in commonsense set theoryArtificial Intelligence Review 8 279-308. 1995.The success of set theory as a foundation for mathematics inspires its use in artificial intelligence, particularly in commonsense reasoning. In this survey, we briefly review classical set theory from an AI perspective, and then consider alternative set theories. Desirable properties of a possible commonsense set theory are investigated, treating different aspects like cumulative hierarchy, self-reference, cardinality, etc. Assorted examples from the ground-breaking research on the subject are …Read more
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148The mark of the mentalBilkent News 4 (27). 1998.This is a short introduction to the puzzling -- even mysterious -- subject that there is a place for minds in a material world.
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263Relational priming: obligational nitpickingBehavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (4): 378-379. 2008.According to the target article authors, initial experience with a circumstance primes a relation that can subsequently be applied to a different circumstance to draw an analogy. While I broadly agree with their claim about the role of relational priming in early analogical reasoning, I put forward a few concerns that may be worthy of further reflection.
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343John Barwise & Lawrence Moss, Vicious Circles: On the Mathematics of Non-Wellfounded Phenomena (review)Journal of Logic, Language and Information 6 (4): 460-464. 1997.This is a review of Vicious Circles: On the Mathematics of Non-Wellfounded Phenomena, written by Jon Barwise and Lawrence Moss and published by CSLI Publications in 1996.
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163Varol Akman on the Turkish war against mediocrity and clichéThe Philosophers' Magazine 44 42-44. 2009.“It’s so hard to be a saint in the city,” sings Bruce Springsteen in a ballad released 35 years ago. Judging from the national popular sentiment about the matter, he could have been talking about the complexity of being a philosopher in Turkey.
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753The complexity of context: guest editors' introductionJournal of Pragmatics 35 321-329. 2003.Papers in this special issue were written upon invitation. They were then subjected to the usual refereeing process of the Journal of Pragmatics. While we have attempted to cover almost all important areas in which context is employed as a conceptual apparatus, our coverage is clearly limited in scope. Accordingly, instead of a general updated overview of the use of context in every conceivable specific field (let's say the state-of-the-art of interdisciplinary research on context: a colossal/im…Read more
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132Reading McDermott (review)Artificial Intelligence 151 (1-2): 227-235. 2003.[This is a review of: Drew McDermott, Mind and Mechanism, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001.] The author is interested in computational approaches to consciousness. His reason for working in the field of AI is to solve the mind-body problem, that is, to understand how the brain can have experiences. This is an intricate project because it involves elucidation of the relationship between our mentality and its physical foundation. How can a biological/chemical system (the human body) have experiences…Read more
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539Turing test: 50 years laterMinds and Machines 10 (4): 463-518. 2000.The Turing Test is one of the most disputed topics in artificial intelligence, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science. This paper is a review of the past 50 years of the Turing Test. Philosophical debates, practical developments and repercussions in related disciplines are all covered. We discuss Turing's ideas in detail and present the important comments that have been made on them. Within this context, behaviorism, consciousness, the 'other minds' problem, and similar topics in philosophy o…Read more
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314The power of physical representationsAI Magazine 10 (3): 49-65. 1989.Commonsense reasoning about the physical world, as exemplified by "Iron sinks in water" or "If a ball is dropped it gains speed," will be indispensable in future programs. We argue that to make such predictions (namely, envisioning), programs should use abstract entities (such as the gravitational field), principles (such as the principle of superposition), and laws (such as the conservation of energy) of physics for representation and reasoning. These arguments are in accord with a recent study…Read more
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170Specificity, automatic designation, and 'I'Direct Reference and Specificity Workshop, 15th European Summer School in Logic, Language, and Information (ESSLLI 2003), Vienna, Austria. 2003.This paper studies the context-dependence of the first-person indexical 'I,' while attempting to make the identifiability criteria for specificity and definiteness clearer for this important indexical. Having been influenced by John Perry's work on indexicals, we'll show that this (seemingly) clearest case of an indexical poses a difficulty.
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127Notions and oraclesIn The Role of Pragmatics in Contemporary Philosophy: Contributions of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society. 1997.On Crimmins and Perry’s account of propositional attitude ascription (1989), beliefs are concrete cognitive structures—particulars ("things in the head") that belong to an agent and that have a lifetime. They are related to the world and to other cognitive structures and abilities, allowing one to classify the latter by propositional content. Containing ideas and notions as constituents, beliefs are structured entities. The difference between notions and ideas is the difference between an agent’…Read more
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249The truth about "it is true that…"Pragmatics and Cognition 23 (2): 284-299. 2016.Deflationism, one of the influential philosophical doctrines of truth, holds that there is no property of truth, and that overt uses of the predicate "true" are redundant. However, the hypothetical examples used by theorists to exemplify deflationism are isolated sentences, offering little to examine what the predicate adds to meaning within context. We oppose the theory not on philosophical but on empirical grounds. We collect 7,610 occurrences of "it is true that" from 10 influential periodica…Read more
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210Steps toward formalizing contextAI Magazine 17 (3): 55-72. 1996.The importance of contextual reasoning is emphasized by various researchers in AI. (A partial list includes John McCarthy and his group, R. V. Guha, Yoav Shoham, Giuseppe Attardi and Maria Simi, and Fausto Giunchiglia and his group.) Here, we survey the problem of formalizing context and explore what is needed for an acceptable account of this abstract notion.
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154Ripping the text apart at different seamsStanford Humanities Review 4 (1). 1994.This is a brief reply to Herbert A. Simon's fine paper "Literary Criticism: A Cognitive Approach," Stanford Humanities Review, Special Supplement (Bridging the Gap: Where Cognitive Science Meets Literary Criticism), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-26, Spring 1994.
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203Editorial: context in contextFoundations of Science 7 (3): 233-238. 2002.The papers that make up this special issue do not take idealized abstractions of context as their point of departure but rather start with the actual phenomena under study and later generalize. We agree that, more often than not, giving a formal model and providing a theory of a loaded notion – such as context – can lead to important insights. Thus, precise models of context and accompanying theories are useful. However, given the widely different fields, methodologies and worldviews within whic…Read more
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307Strawson on intended meaning and contextIn P. Bouquet, M. Benerecetti, L. Serafini, P. Brezillon & F. Castellani (eds.), CONTEXT 1999: Modeling and Using Context (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol 1688), Springer. pp. 1-14. 1999.Strawson proposed in the early seventies an attractive threefold distinction regarding how context bears on the meaning of 'what is said' when a sentence is uttered. The proposed scheme is somewhat crude and, being aware of this aspect, Strawson himself raised various points to make it more adequate. In this paper, we review the scheme of Strawson, note his concerns, and add some of our own. However, our main point is to defend the essence of Strawson's approach and to recommend it as a starting…Read more
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