-
210Modeling and Using Context, volume 2116 ofIn P. Bouquet (ed.), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 465. 2001.Context has emerged as a central concept in a variety of contemporary approaches to reasoning. The conference at which the papers in this volume were presented, CONTEXT 2001, was the third international, interdisciplinary conference on the topic of context, and was held in Dundee, Scotland on July 27-30, 2001.
-
105We study the performance of ChatGPT interpreting prompts that require legal expertise to answer. Our inputs are very close adaptations from the "Contextual Canons" section of Scalia and Garner's Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (Thomson West: 2012). We report our findings for the entire section (comprising 14 canons) of the book. We conclude that ChatGPT is exceptionally successful in taking the contextual canons into account.
-
191Context and the indexical 'I'1st North American Summer School in Logic, Language, and Information (NASSLLI) Workshop on Cognition: Formal Models and Experimental Results, John Perry (Organizer), CSLI, Stanford, CA. 2002.John Perry argued that the clearest case of an indexical that relies only on the narrow context is 'I,' whose designation depends on the agent and nothing else. In this presentation, I give some examples which show that this view, while essentially correct, may have problems in some rare divergent cases.
-
246John Haugeland, ed., Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence (review)ACM SIGART Bulletin 9 (3-4): 33-36. 1998.This is a review of Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence, edited by John Haugeland and published by The MIT Press in 1997.
-
145Undaunted setsACM SIGACT News 23 (1): 47-48. 1992.This is a short piece of humor (I hope) on nonstandard set theories. An earlier version appeared in Bull. EATCS 45: 146-147 (1991).
-
141On an alleged problem with Stalnaker’s representation of contextContexts in Logics, a Workshop Co-Located with CONTEXT'01: 3rd International Conference on Modeling and Using Context, Dundee, UK. 2001.We consider an objection of Hans Kamp (based on an example by Barbara Partee) to Robert Stalnaker's model of context.
-
148On a proposal of Strawson concerning context vs. 'what is said'In Paolo Bouquet, Luciano Serafini & Richmond H. Thomason (eds.), Perspectives on Contexts, CSLI Lecture Notes No. 180, Center For the Study of Language and Information Publications. pp. 79-94. 2008.In Strawson’s Entity and Identity, there are two essays (Chapters 11 and 12), which study the notion of context. In these essays, Strawson advances a threefold distinction regarding how context bears on the meaning of 'what is said' when a sentence is uttered. In this paper, we'll (i) review the original scheme of Strawson and summarize his improvements to his own scheme, and (ii) add our own improvements to make it even more thoroughgoing. We'll also show that unless it is elaborated with sever…Read more
-
278Rethinking context as a social constructJournal of Pragmatics 32 (6): 743-759. 2000.This paper argues that in addition to the familiar approach using formal contexts, there is now a need in artificial intelligence to study contexts as social constructs. As a successful example of the latter approach, I draw attention to 'interpretation' (in the sense of literary theory), viz. the reconstruction of the intended meaning of a literary text that takes into account the context in which the author assumed the reader would place the text. An important contribution here comes from Wend…Read more
-
180Computing with causal theoriesInternational Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 6 (4): 699-730. 1992.Formalizing commonsense knowledge for reasoning about time has long been a central issue in AI. It has been recognized that the existing formalisms do not provide satisfactory solutions to some fundamental problems, viz. the frame problem. Moreover, it has turned out that the inferences drawn do not always coincide with those one had intended when one wrote the axioms. These issues call for a well-defined formalism and useful computational utilities for reasoning about time and change. Yoav Shoh…Read more
-
192When silence may mean derisionJournal of Pragmatics 22 (2): 211-212. 1994.In a paper published in 1992, Dennis Kurzon shows that silence does not necessarily mean lack of power: the silent response to a question may well be aiming at gaining control of a situation, viz. exercising power. I would like to extend Kurzon's analysis and argue that at times silence may mean derision or ridicule.
-
194Mental models of force and motionIn Okyay Kaynak (ed.), Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Motion Control (Istanbul, 20-22 August 1990), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 153-158. 1990.Future robots should have common sense about the world in order to handle the problems they will encounter. A large part of this commonsense knowledge must be naive physics knowledge, since carrying out even the simplest everyday chores requires familiarity with physics laws. But how should one start codifying this knowledge? What kind of skills should be elicited from the experts (each and every one of us)? This paper will attempt to provide some hints by studying the mental models of force and…Read more
-
164Gul A. Agha, Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems (review)AI Magazine 11 (4): 92-93. 1990.This is a review of Gul A. Agha’s Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems (The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987), a part of the MIT Press Series in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Patrick Winston, Michael Brady, and Daniel Bobrow.
-
211Ronald Cole, Joseph Mariani, Hans Uszkoreit, Annie Zaenen & Victor Zue, editors, Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology (review)Computational Linguistics 25 (1): 161-164. 1999.This is a review of Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology, [editorial board: Ronald Cole (editor-in-chief), Joseph Mariani, Hans Uszkoreit, Annie Zaenen, Victor Zue], Cambridge University Press (Studies in Natural Language Processing) and Giardini Editori e Stampatori in Pisa (Linguistica Computazionale, volumes XII-XII1), managing editors: Giovanni Battista Varile and Antonio Zampolli, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
-
150Bruce D'Ambrosio, Qualitative Process Theory Using Linguistic Variables (review)ACM SIGART Bulletin 2 (2): 25-27. 1991.Ken Forbus's Qualitative Process Theory (QPT) is a popular theory for reasoning about the physical aspects of the daily world. Qualitative Process Theory Using Linguistic Variables by Bruce D'Ambrosio (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989) is an attempt to fill some gaps in QPT.
-
161Peter D. Mosses, Action Semantics (review)Journal of Logic and Computation 3 (4): 442-444. 1993.This is a review of Action Semantics, by Peter D. Mosses, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 26, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
-
159Robotlar ve planlamaElektrik Mühendisliği 391 37-43. 1993.Planlama --- bir amaca ulaşmak üzere bir aksiyonlar bütünü tasarlamak --- yapay zekadaki en temel problemlerden biridir. Bu yazıda, robotikte planlama konusuna mantıkçı (logicist) yaklaşım ele alınmaktadır. [Planning --- devising a plan of action to reach a given goal --- is a fundamental problem in AI. This paper reviews the logicist approach to planning in robotics.]
-
183Bilgisayar profesörü felsefeyle ne yapar?Bilkent Dergisi 1 22-25. 2004.Bilkent Üniversitesi'nde bu yıl [2003] açılan Felsefe Bölümü’nün başkanlığını yürüten ve ana ilgi alanı yapay zekâ olan Prof. Dr. Varol Akman, yapay zekâyla felsefenin ilişkisini ve Felsefe Bölümü'nün özelliklerini anlattı. (An interview published in Bilkent Magazine about the then new Bilkent Philosophy Department.)
-
157The logic of counteractionElektrik 1 (3): 167-181. 1993.We extend causal theories and study actions in domains involving multiple agents. Causal theories, invented by Yoav Shoham, are based on a temporal nonmonotonic logic and have computationally tractable aspects. Since Shoham's formalism does not provide an adequate mechanism for representing simultaneous actions and specifying their consequences, we introduce the notion of counteractions while preserving the efficiency and model-theoretic properties of causal theories.
-
184Absolut IIn Filip Buekens (ed.), Proceedings of Information, Indexicality and Consciousness: A Conference on John Perry, Department of Philosophy, Tilburg University. 2001.Having been influenced by John Perry's 1997 article, "Indexicals and Demonstratives," in this paper I take a closer look at contexts for indexicals, more specifically the indexical "I." (N.B. The adjective in the title is not misspelt; it is used in the sense of the leading brand of premium vodka.)
-
140IdentityIn A. C. Grayling, Andrew Pyle & Naomi Goulder (eds.), The Continuum encyclopedia of British philosophy, Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 1610-1611. 2006.In logic, the law (or principle) of identity states simply: 'A is A'. This article gives a concise account of identity.
-
200Logical connectivesIn A. C. Grayling, Andrew Pyle & Naomi Goulder (eds.), The Continuum encyclopedia of British philosophy, Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 1939-1940. 2006.Logical connectives (otherwise known as 'logical constants' or 'logical particles') have seemed challenging to philosophers of language. This article gives a concise account of logical connectives.
-
177VaguenessIn A. C. Grayling, Andrew Pyle & Naomi Goulder (eds.), The Continuum encyclopedia of British philosophy, Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 3260-3261. 2006.Vagueness, 'the quality or condition of being vague' (OED), has kept philosophers busy since ancient times. This article gives a concise account of vagueness.
-
323Situational semanticsIn Siobhan Chapman & Christopher Routledge (eds.), Key Ideas in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language, Edinburgh University Press. pp. 209-212. 2009.An information-based approach to natural language semantics. Formulated by Jon Barwise and John Perry in their influential book Situations and Attitudes (1983), it is built upon the notion of a 'situation' --- a limited part of the real world that a cognitive agent can individuate and has access to. A situation represents a lump of information in terms of a collection of facts. It is through the actualist ontology of situations that the meaning of natural language utterances can be elucidated.
-
186Situation semanticsIn Keith Brown & Keith Allan (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics, Elsevier. pp. 890-893. 2009.This article first appeared in "Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd Edition," Keith Brown, ed., pp. 398-401, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
-
149P. H. Winston & R. H. Brown, eds., Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective (Volume 2) (review)ACM SIGART Bulletin 85 26-27. 1983.Review of "Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective, Volume 2: Understanding Vision, Manipulation, Computer Design, Symbol Manipulation," Patrick Henry Winston & Richard Henry Brown (eds.), The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2nd printing, 1980.
-
123P. H. Winston & R. H. Brown, eds. Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective (Volume 1) (review)ACM SIGART Bulletin 84 24-26. 1983.Review of "Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective, Volume 1: Expert Problem Solving, Natural Language Understanding, Intelligent Computer Coaches, Representation and Learning," Patrick Henry Winston & Richard Henry Brown (eds.), The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979.
-
172Analogy-making in situation theoryIn Randal B. Bernstein & Wesley N. Curtis (eds.), Artificial Intelligence: New Research, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. pp. 299-321. 2008.Analogy-making is finding analogies between different situations. In this paper, we provide a new model of computational analogy-making which uses Situation Theory as its formal background. Situation Theory is a semantic and logical theory which provides a naturalistic way to represent relations in situations. The system described in this paper is aimed at solving analogy problems made by basic geometric figures in a chessboard-like environment.
-
149Focusing for pronoun resolution in English discourse: an implementationDepartment of Computer Engineering Technical Reports, Bilkent University. 1994.Anaphora resolution is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing. This study examines focusing as a tool for the resolution of pronouns which are a kind of anaphora. Focusing is a discourse phenomenon like anaphora. Candy Sidner formalized focusing in her 1979 MIT PhD thesis and devised several algorithms to resolve definite anaphora including pronouns. She presented her theory in a computational framework but did not generally implement the algorithms. Her algorithms …Read more
-
163Representing emotions in terms of object directednessDepartment of Computer Engineering Technical Reports, Bilkent University. 1994.A logical formalization of emotions is considered to be tricky because they appear to have no strict types, reasons, and consequences. On the other hand, such a formalization is crucial for commonsense reasoning. Here, the so-called "object directedness" of emotions is studied by using Helen Nissenbaum's influential ideas.
-
148Commonsense aspects of buying and sellingCybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 27 (4): 327-352. 1996.We describe an experimental approach toward implementing a commonsense "microtheory" for buying and selling. Our prototype system characterizes how intelligent agents hold items and money, how they buy and sell items, and the way money and items are transferred. The ontology of the system includes money (cash, check, credit card), agents (people, organizations), items (movable, real estate, service), barter, and the notions of transfer, loan, buying by installments, profit, and loss.
Ankara, Ankara, Turkey