Miguel Angel Martinez

Patina is the word used for the green or brown film formed on the surface of old bronze, an excess of which can mask the true characteristics of the original masterpiece. Filippo Baldinucci used the word patina in a modern sense for first time in his book “Tuscan Vocabulary of the Art of Design”. Metaphors have been part of philosophical speech since the time of Plato. This figure of speech is used to attempt to provide a sensitive presence of an idea to improve understanding and to make a more vivid perception of that concept. On analysing the creative process of contemporary re-search on health topics and its further dissemination, we defend the epistemological thesis that there is always some degree of patina on an original article and this may obscure the underlying scientific work. Conclusion: We consider that patina in scientific papers is very different from the concept of epidemiological bias. We think that any researcher who reads an original article acts as a restorer of knowledge. If a reader is aware of the existence of scientific patina, that reader will know how to look through it and see the masterpiece hidden underneath.

We should promote, I argue, a willingness to recognize that our individual interests are at times in conflict with our communal interests and that negotiating between them is not an easy task. I suggest, moreover, that citizens that are taught to care about their neighbors will tend to promote policies that advance inclusivity. On the other hand, citizens that are raised in a disconnected manner will tend to advance their own interests to the detriment of others. Maximizing individual interests does not necessarily imply the maximization of our collective interests. We should as a consequence, promote an anti-liberal democratic project that forces people to reflect on their situation as citizens that care, reason, and are willing to recognize that they are not alone in the world

El uso acrítico e inconsciente del término-concepto "Renacimiento" comporta el riesgo de continuar reproduciendo ¿incluso sin quererlo¿ toda una serie de representaciones prehistóriográficas (ideológicas e incluso míticas) que se enfrentan con las conclusiones del trabajo historiográfico actual. Por ello, siguiendo la noción de "Edad Humanista" de D. Catimori, el autor entiende el "Renacimiento" como un vasto movimiento intelectual que recupera el carácter inicial y originario (frente al de un período global y total que comprendería todos los ámbitos de la acción humana), que renovó decisivamente la cultura europea en todos los ámbitos a partir de su matriz en el movimiento humanista