Carlos Rodríguez

Resumen: Ante el fortalecimiento del papel de la tecnología en la sociedad actual, se hace necesario pensar el rol de aquella desde un punto de vista más radical, examinando el fenómeno mismo y sus consecuencias. La Filosofía tiene un papel fundamental a la hora de examinar y proponer alternativas educativas que contemplen las particularidades del proceso formativo del individuo y su papel como ciudadano en una sociedad profundamente mediada por la tecnología. Partiendo de las afirmaciones de algunos autores como Chomsky, Benkler, Prensky, Ortega y Gasset, Habermas y, especialmente, Hans Jonas, propongo el concepto de “Ciberciudananía Responsable” como marco crítico del Homo Tecnologicus, centrado en el pensar más que en el hacer y que pivota sobre tres temas fundamentales: alfabetización digital, fomento de la participación en red y uso de tecnologías libres. Palabras clave: tecnología, educación, ciberciudadanía, ética, responsabilidad. English title: Education for Responsible CybercitizenshipAbstract: Given the strengthening of the role of technology in today’s society, it is necessary to think about the role of technology from a more radical point of view, examining the phenomenon itself and its consequences. Philosophy has a fundamental role in examining and proposing educational alternatives that contemplate the particularities of the individual’s formative process and his role as a citizen in a society deeply mediated by technology. Relying on the views of authors such as Chomsky, Benkler, Prensky, Ortega y Gasset, Habermas and especially Hans Jonas, I propose the concept of “Responsible Cybercitizenship” as a critical framework of Homo Technologicus, which focuses on thinking rather than doing and hinges on three fundamental themes: digital literacy, promotion of online participation, and use of open source technologies. Keywords: technology, education, cybercitizenship, ethics, responsibility.

El presente artículo recapacita sobre las reformas normativas acontecidas en las últimas décadas respecto al uso racional de los medicamentos, y las medidas operadas en torno a la disminución del gasto farmacéutico. En este contexto, debe destacarse el elevado coste de las terapias biológicas y las dificultades de acceso a las mismas —especialmente en los países en vías de desarrollo—. Los medicamentos biosimilares son poseedores de garantías sanitarias análogas —semejantes o equivalentes— a los medicamentos de referencia, pero no están sometidos a una protección por una patente y facilitan la accesibilidad a los pacientes, así como al reparto equitativo de los recursos terapéuticos. Además, algunos de ellos están incluido en la lista de medicamentos esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Asimismo, se examina el papel de los medicamentos biosimilares como esenciales y la posibilidad de mejorar el acceso equitativo a estos recursos sanitarios a través de la prestación farmacéutica.

This study explores the effects of the shift to emergency remote teaching on teachers’ levels of well-being, emotions, and motivation. A total of 936 Spanish teachers participated in this nationwide survey from all educational levels, thus allowing comparison among levels, which is a novelty and strength of our study. Four aspects were explored: instructional adaptation to ERT; well-being changes and the main challenges in this regard; changes in emotions; and changes in motivation and the main factors. Importantly, we explored a number of teacher characteristics for the three last aspects. Our results show that teachers felt the impact of ERT on their well-being, emotions, and motivation. Additionally, female teachers, teachers with students of low socioeconomic status, in public schools, and primary and secondary teachers were the most affected groups. This indicates that the impact of ERT differed and some populations of teachers are more at risk of suffering burnout because of ERT.

Entre los numerosos conceptos de los que somos, de alguna medida, tributarios de Grecia, creemos que merece una atención especial, sobre todo en un contexto de investigación filosófica, el concepto de «vacio». Por ello, pretendo con este articulo ofrecer unas pautas para la comprensión del origen y significado de la noción de vacio entre los griegos, analizando el término del que se dotaron éstos para designar dicho concepto: keno¿j (como substantivo: to\ keno¿n), desde Homero hasta la especulación presocrática que culmina con la teoría atomista de Leucipo y Demócrito, en la que la idea de vacio tiene un papel central.

François La Mothe le Vayer (1588-1672) es uno de los representantes más destacados del libertinismo erudito de la primera mitad del siglo XVII. De hecho, Rene Pintard en su obra Le libertinage érudit dans la premiére moitié du XVIIe. siécle lo sitúa, junto a Gabriel Naudé, Diodatiy Fierre Gassendi, como miembro de la tétrade libertine. Y, en verdad, la obra de La Mothe, siendo muy disímil en aspectos muy importantes de la de los otros miembros destacados del libertinismo, es perfectamente encuadrable entre los generosos márgenes que la categoría «libertinismo erudito» ha ido adoptando desde la publicación del clásico estudio de Pintard hasta nuestros días. Sin pretender efectuar una revisión del fenómeno libertino de la primera mitad del siglo XVII, quisiéramos sin embargo señalar algunos rasgos del planteamiento filosófico de Le Vayer que, sin duda, poseen una enorme carga crítica respecto a la cultura filosófica tradicional para centrarnos después en el examen más detallado del innegable componente escéptico que recorre su obra, así como en el alcance y las consecuencias que de él se derivan.

From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies from one individual to another. Since men’s reproductive success is mainly constrained to women’s availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from a Chilean population, this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources, protection skills, and the willingness to provide resources and protection are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes.

RESUMENEl presente artículo examina el análisis efectuado por La Mothe le Vayer acerca del hecho religioso y su problemática en su obra Dialogues faits à l´imitation des anciens. Desde un acusado escepticismo, presenta la religión como una construcción cultural y convencional. La filosofía, en tanto ejercicio de análisis escéptico, ofrecerá una visión de la moral y la religión alejadas por completo de toda sacralizad. Serán, sin embargo, instrumentos muy útiles para el Estado y, si se administran bien, redundarán en la cohesión social y en la pax politica.PALABRAS CLAVEESCEPTICISMO, CONVENCIÓN, RAZÓN DE ESTADOABSTRACTIn this paper we examine the analysis carried out by La Mothe le Vayer of the religious matter and its problems in his work Dialogues faits à l´imitation des anciens. From a marked scepticism, he presents religion as a cultural and conventional entity. Philosophy, as an exercise of sceptical analysis, offers a view of morality and religion totally removed from any sacredness. Both are, however, very useful instruments for the State and, when well administered, beneficial to social cohesion and pax politica.KEY WORDSSCEPTICISM, CONVENTIOM, REASON OF STATE

Altruism (a costly action that benefits others) and reciprocity (the repayment of acts in kind) differ in that the former expresses preferences about the outcome of a social interaction, whereas the latter requires, in addition, ascribing intentions to others. Interestingly, an individual’s behavior and neurophysiological activity under outcome- versus intention-based interactions has not been compared directly using different endowments in the same subject and during the same session. Here, we used a mixed version of the Dictator and the Investment games, together with electroencephalography, to uncover a subject’s behavior and brain activity when challenged with endowments of different sizes in contexts that call for an altruistic (outcome-based) versus a reciprocal (intention-based) response. We found that subjects displayed positive or negative reciprocity (reciprocal responses greater or smaller than that for altruism, respectively) depending on the amount of trust they received. Furthermore, a subject’s late frontal negativity differed between conditions, predicting responses to trust in intentions-based trials. Finally, brain regions related with mentalizing and cognitive control were the cortical sources of this activity. Thus, our work disentangles the behavioral components present in the repayment of trust, and sheds light on the neural activity underlying the integration of outcomes and perceived intentions in human economic interactions.

In recent years, the term populism has become indeed popular. Among its variants, a very particular one stands out. It is the so-called managerial populism, in which prominent businessmen have entered the arena of politics with a program focused on the regeneration of economic and social life. Donald Trump, perhaps, has been the most outstanding example. In this article, our aim is to analyze this phenomenon of managerial populism, addressing a number of issues. Firstly, we will discuss the emergence of a certain type of charismatic leadership in business or management ideologies as a development that largely precedes the consolidation of these figures in the political scene; the implications of these ideologies in the political and social sphere; and the importance of the forms of discursive use of the concept of people in these popular discourses.

La capacidad reguladora en el mundo farmacéutico es extraordinaria, debido a que el medicamento es un bien de consumo intervenido jurídicamente. El fármaco tiene que ser revisado legislativamente debido a su importancia, su repercusión en la salud y en la sociedad. Su concepción, siempre ha de ir ligada a la figura del el farmacéutico. Dicho profesional sanitario ha de conocerlo a la perfección, debiendo promocionar su uso racional en la población que en muchas ocasiones desgraciadamente no es así. Además, existen casos que el farmacéutico ha de ayudarse de diferentes mecanismos para desarrollar con plenitud y seguridad su profesión de forma ética y correcta. Es el caso de los centros de información de medicamentos , que ponen a disposición del farmacéutico cualquier tipo de duda que le pueda surgir entorno al medicamento. Este centro tiene obligación de solucionarlas para asi poder certificar y garantizar el correcto uso del medicamento por el paciente.The Drug's regulation is extraordinary because drugs are a good legally regulated that has to be revised because possesses important an social repercusion that represents in health and consequently in the society. Their conception must always go bound to the sanitary professional's figure that must know it to the perfection owing this to promote their rational use in the population that in many occasions unfortunately is not this way. Also that the pharmacist must help of different mechanisms to develop with fullness and security his profession. It is the case of Medication Inform Request that has to disposition any doubt type that it can arise him environment to the medication, and that this specialized center has the obligation of solving for this way to be able to certify and to guarantee the correct use of the medication for the patients

We analyze the prestige of 1,500 scholars in economics, sociology, and management who have Spanish and French institutional affiliations operationalized by their h-index in Scopus and Google Scholar. We use a negative binomial count model to examine how some individual factors affect the h-index from both databases. The results show a non-monotonic relationship between the researchers’ career length and their h-index. There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between total research output and the h-index. The share of publications in English over total publications has also a positive and statistically significant effect on the h-index, except in a single case, while the share of publications in other foreign languages does not have such effect. Finally, we found that the effects of the number of citations received by documents in English and by those in the vernacular language on the h-index vary according to the database, the country, and the discipline in question.

We hypothesize that under the predicted scenario of climate change epigenetically mediated environmental sex determination could become an epigenetic trap. Epigenetically regulated environmental sex determination is a mechanism by which species can modulate their breeding strategies to accommodate environmental change. Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms may play a key role in phenotypic plasticity and in the rapid adaptation of species to environmental change, through the capacity of organisms to maintain a non‐genetic plastic memory of the environmental and ecological conditions experienced by their parents. However, inherited epigenetic variation could also be maladaptive, becoming an epigenetic trap. This is because environmental sex determination can alter sex ratios by increasing the survival of one of the sexes at the expense of negative fitness consequences for the other, which could lead not only to the collapse of natural populations, but also have an impact in farmed animal and plant species.

The search for a systems‐level picture of metabolism as a web of molecular interactions provides a paradigmatic example of how the methods used to characterize a system can bias the interpretation of its functional meaning. Metabolic maps have been analyzed using novel techniques from network theory, revealing some non‐trivial, functionally relevant properties. These include a small‐world structure and hierarchical modularity. However, as discussed here, some of these properties might actually result from an inappropriate way of defining network interactions. Starting from the so‐called bipartite organization of metabolism, where the two meaningful subsets (reactions and metabolites) are considered, most current works use only one of the subsets by means of so‐called graph projections. Unfortunately, projected graphs often ignore relevant biological and chemical constraints, thus leading to statistical artifacts. Some of these drawbacks and alternative approaches need to be properly addressed.

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto del estrés emocional en la adecuada toma de decisiones y práctica médica oportuna y de calidad de los estudiantes que cursan el quinto año de la carrera en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se utilizó una lista de valoración para las competencias de la simulación de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada, y un Cuestionario de Maslach Burnout Inventory para valorar los sentimientos, actitudes y de desgaste profesional. Los resultados muestran que aquellos que estaban expuestos a mayor cantidad de labores recientes y estrés fueron más propensos de incidir en errores médicos durante la toma de decisiones y su aprendizaje. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of emotional stress in the appropriate decision-making and quality medical practice of fifth year medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. It was used an assessment list for cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation competence and a Maslach Burnout Inventory Questionnaire was used to assess feelings, attitudes and professional wear and tear. Results show those who were exposed to a greater number of recent tasks and to greater stress were more likely to make medical mistakes while making decisions and learning.

En el presente trabajo se exponen algunos aspectos significativos de la ética aristotélica que están presentes en la obra de Ortega, analizando de qué modo son asimilados, criticados, actualizados o transformados por este en función de su propio pensamiento. Entre estos aspectos se señalan la consideración de la finalidad de la acción como criterio de moralidad, la defensa de una moral del desinterés, la valoración de la grandeza moral o magnanimidad como virtud fundamental, la postulación del propio perfeccionamiento como norma de conducta y la concepción de la felicidad como fin de la vida humana.