José García

A primeira obra de Georg Simmel, traduzida para português e publicada em Portugal, ocorreu apenas em 1969, sob a chancela de uma pequena editora, a Galeria Panorama. O livro é constituido por quatro ensaios de Simmel: “Cultura Feminina”, título que nomeia o livro, “Filosofia do Coquetismo”, “Filosofia da Moda” e “O Masculino e o Feminino”. Conta ainda com um Prefácio de Romeu de Melo e uma Introdução da destacada poeta e intelectual Natália Correia. O artigo centra-se na edição deste volume e incide em especial na recepção realizada por Natália Correia, que advogou uma forma peculiar de feminismo, ao pensamento de Simmel sobre a feminidade.

Languages use predicates and arguments to express events and event participants. In order to establish generalizations concerning the variety languages show regarding the strategies for discerning some arguments from the others, the concept of roles—and, particularly, macroroles, mesoroles, and microroles—associated with participants provides a widely studied starting point. In this article, the formal properties in the arguments of a set of 14 verb meanings in Spanish Sign Language have been analyzed. Arguments have been studied by considering their microroles, and a quantitative method for measuring distances from a plurality of properties has been adopted. The novelty of this analysis is that it focuses on how arguments group in terms of these properties. Subsequently, some generalizations justifying why some verb meanings have a tendency to associate with certain forms of argument expression are highlighted in this study.

Since the 1980s, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies concerning Andalusian rural settlements linked to irrigated agriculture, both related to large suburban green belts and to small hydraulic systems. In the vast areas where water is scarce, the settlement apparently would have been concentrated in cities and fortified towns, leaving without population most of the dry lands between them. However, thanks to the intensive survey of one of these regions, La Mancha’s Southeastern area, we are recording a dense rural settlement corresponding to a pattern unknown until now. It consists basically of small villages in plain, devoid of community defense elements, which must have been inhabited by humble peasants, judging by the modesty of the architecture and domestic goods. Surely they make use of the scanty natural resources, which have traditionally oriented the economy of the region towards livestock and rainfed agriculture. In particular, the studied settlement would be related to the demand of wool for the export oriented textile production of the region, within the framework of the commercial expansion of that period. Apparently, most of those villages could have appeared in the eleventh century, disappearing in the middle of the thirteenth century because of the Christian conquest. Their existence would be associated with a general context of population growth that pushed the competition between urban elites and peasants pursuing the privileged agricultural areas, as well as the colonization of less favorable production areas.

Pese a que se trata de una de las obras de Machiavelli menos conocidas y estudiadas en la actualidad, el tratado Dell’arte della guerra (1521) encontró una rápida difusión en la Europa de su siglo. Publicada en París en 1546 (en traducción de Jean Charrier), la obra fue analizada críticamente algunas décadas más tarde en la versión definitiva del Discours d’Estat contre Machiavel (Ginebra, 1585) del jurista calvinista Innocent Gentillet. Sintetizando los argumentos que Gentillet ofreció en este tratado frente al ejército de milicias ciudadanas propuesto por Machiavelli, mostramos su interrelación con las críticas dirigidas por el hugonote al resto de escritos maquiavelianos (en particular Il Principe y los Discorsi). Se trata, de acuerdo a nuestra interpretación, de la primera crítica sistemática al pensamiento político y social de Machiavelli. Al mismo tiempo, supone la respuesta virulenta de la Francia nobiliaria al republicanismo neo-romano defendido por el florentino.

El problema del conocimiento es uno de los temas fundamentales de la reflexión filosófica contemporánea, ha dejado al descubierto la grave crisis epistemológica de la investigación científica por sus vacíos ontológicos y antropológicos a la hora de comprender la realidad. Las experiencias de los investigadores educativos revelan que las categorías de pensamiento cartesianas y positivistas del discurso moderno mantienen minados los procesos de producción del conocimiento que se generan en y a través de la investigación educativa. El propósito de la disertación es encontrar en las experiencias sustantivas de pensadores e investigadores educativos nuevas claves de reflexión que promuevan un tipo de discurso y una praxis científica más vivencial y significativamente humana. El método utilizado es la sistematización de experiencias. De las experiencias recogidas emergieron dos claves teóricas fundamentales para la reflexión del problema del conocimiento en el contexto de la educación universitaria, las cuales son: pensamiento científico renovado; de la metodolatría a la metodología científica. El fenómeno del conocimiento emerge desde las experiencias como una idea cuestionadora que nos introduce de manera nueva en la trama de la reflexión epistemológica de la praxis científica, desde nuevas perspectivas que proyectan el camino hacia una investigación científica con carácter conciencial, es decir, que toma en cuenta las dimensiones fundamentales de la condición humana, que dentro de la investigación objetiva no tendrían razón para la validación científica.

ResumenEl artículo presenta una de las versiones de la teoría sociológica del riesgo, en la tradición de estudios sobre la diosa Fortuna. En concreto, la desarrollada por Ulrich Beck. Desde esta posición, analiza la interpretación que beck hace de la modernidad en los términos de «modernidad reflexiva» y extrae las consecuencias que se derivan para una concepción moderna y reflexiva de lo políticoPALABRAS CLAVEMODERNIDAD-POLITICA-RIESGO-BECK-FORTUNAABSTRACTThe paper deals with one of the versions of the sociological theory of risk, within the tradition of studies on the goddess Fortune. Namely, the one developed by Ulrich Beck. From this position, it examines Beck's interpretation of modernity in terms of «reflexive modernity» and draw its consequences for a modern, reflexive conception of the political KEYWORDSMODERNITY- POLITICS-RISK-BECK-FORTUNE

In recent years, the study of women entrepreneurship has experienced great growth, gaining a broad consensus among academics and contributing above all to understanding all those factors that explain the difficulty of women in undertaking an entrepreneurial career. This document tries to contribute to the field of study, thanks to a systematic analysis through the publications present in the topic. For this purpose, 2,848 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed, published between 1950 and 2019, using the Scopus database (SCImago Research Group). Through the use of a series of bibliometric indicators it was possible to define the current state of research on the international scene. The analysis revealed that it is a multidisciplinary field of study and that has started to expand further since 2006, culminating in 2019, which makes it become a current and valid object of study. The analysis of the clusters allowed to isolate 6 different lines of research in which emerged, on the one hand, the importance of entrepreneurial education, social entrepreneurship and the socio-cultural context of reference (e.g. culture, family and institutional support) as tools to overcome the gender gap, on the other, the importance that women entrepreneurship assumes in the economic growth of the country (especially in developing economies), promoting social inclusion and combating poverty and discrimination. The study presents an important contribution to reflect on current policies and to outline future lines of investigation.

: In recent years, research on the family role and entrepreneurship has increased extremely, consolidating itself as a valid and current subject of study. However, a part of the scientific literature seems to lack systematization and the boundaries appear unclear, maybe due to its multidisciplinary nature. This paper presents a systematic analysis of academic research, applying bibliometric indicators and cluster analysis, which define the state of research on the international scene. For this purpose, using three well accepted databases among the research community: Scopus, Web of Science, Business Source, a total of 92 articles were selected and analyzed, published between 1989 and 2019 (until March). The results show that this is a relatively recent field of study, with a multidisciplinary character and in which the most influential authors do not coincide with the most productive scientific journals. A cluster analysis finds out five main areas of literature development: the cluster with the largest percentage of co-occurrences (25%) is the one that relates to the dimensions of entrepreneurship, self-employment and personality; in contrast, the area with a lower percentage of co-occurrences of keywords (12,1%) is refers to family business, succession, economic development and Arabia Saudita. Based on the outcome obtained and the shortcomings above, in the final part of the article, possible points of reflection for future research are exposed, which could be useful to further of this field of study.

This paper studies, with techniques ofAlgebraic Logic, the effects of putting a bound on the cardinality of the set of side formulas in the Deduction Theorem, viewed as a Gentzen-style rule, and of adding additional assumptions inside the formulas present in Modus Ponens, viewed as a Hilbert-style rule. As a result, a denumerable collection of new Gentzen systems and two new sentential logics have been isolated. These logics are weaker than the positive implicative logic. We have determined their algebraic models and the relationships between them, and have classified them according to several standard criteria of Abstract Algebraic Logic. One of the logics is protoalgebraic but neither equivalential nor weakly algebraizable, a rare situation where very few natural examples were hitherto known. In passing we have found new, alternative presentations of positive implicative logic, both in Hilbert style and in Gentzen style, and have characterized it in terms of the restricted Deduction Theorem: it is the weakest logic satisfying Modus Ponens and the Deduction Theorem restricted to at most 2 side formulas. The algebraic part of the work has lead to the class of quasi-Hilbert algebras, a quasi-variety of implicative algebras introduced by Pla and Verdú in 1980, which is larger than the variety of Hilbert algebras. Its algebraic properties reflect those of the corresponding logics and Gentzen systems

Gracias a los estudios de los últimos años, la Escuela de Salamanca ha dejado de ser esa gran desconocida de la historia del pensamiento español. Con ello se ha ganado también precisión sobre qué se entienda por Escuela de Salamanca, algo solidario con la comprensión de su carácter específico y sus integrantes. Los temas de “moral” y “política” que sus autores iluminaron dándoles una fundamentación teológica y filosófica, siguen siendo una propuesta interesante, no sólo para comprender la historia de las ideas, sino como propuesta sistemática con la que considerar la temática señalada.

En el presente artí- culo abordamos la situación sociohistórica subyacente a 1 Clemente y basándonos en los estudios socioló- gicos sobre 1 Cor, en particular los de G. Theissen, demostramos cómo 1 Clem. 3, 3 describe el conflicto de Corinto en categorías esencialmente socio-económicas, considerando que el motivo que propició la revuelta obedece básicamente al enfrentamiento entre grupos de distinto estatus para alcanzar el liderazgo y evitar la vergüenza. Ello indica que Clemente presenta el conflicto como una lucha de poder para conseguir el prestigio social, en un mundo estrechamente marcado por la cultura del honor y la institución del patronazgo

Based on qualitative interviews with online media professionals conducted in several Spanish online newsrooms, this article explores the ethical issues that are debated by digital journalists, following the implementation of convergence and multiplatform production. Through the journalists' perceptions about the challenges of convergence and the demands of online news production, the main areas of ethical conflicts are examined. Building on Alasdair MacIntyre's theory about communities of practice, I argue that the standards and practices currently being developed in online newsrooms provide a valid framework for ethical decision making. Finally, the premises for constructing online journalism ethics in these communities of practice are discussed.

This paper shows an analysis of some found solutions for the famous aporia of the race between Achilles and the Tortoise. As an introduction, we present the mechanical solution, to establish that it is not in the field of matters of fact where you can resolve a purely rational problem like the one raised by Zeno of Elea. And so, the main part of the article is dedicated to the mathematical solutions, which face the problem under the point of view of the single, mathematical reason. There are two mathematical solutions for Zeno’s paradox. First, we attend to that which we denominate “classical” (because it is the most habitually used by mathematicians), which is based on the calculus of addiction of terms of a geometrical series in progressive decrease. The second considered solution is the one that was proposed by Russell, based upon the theory of the transfinite numbers. The analysis we have made gets us to discover that no one of those solutions can save itself from falling into logical contradictions, therefore it seems that Zeno’s problem is an authentic aporia, which, after so much time, continues challenging human intelligence. As the article’s conclusion, we suggest that the cause of the impossibility of solving Zeno’s problem is the very notion of mathematical continuum, because this notion infringes the logic of facts