Juan García

La reforma educativa vigente enfatizó acciones de tipo administrativo y laboral. El Servicio Profesional Docente considera cuatro aspectos del ámbito laboral de los docentes de educación básica: el ingreso, la movilidad, la permanencia y el reconocimiento. Se recupera el aspecto de ingreso a la docencia, en términos de la implicación que hay de ello en la organización docente. Palabras clave : reforma educativa, funcionamiento y organización escolar, Servicio Profesional Docente, gestión escolar.

Background: Current interventions to enhance patient self-efficacy, a key mediator of health behavior, have limited primary care application. Objective: To explore the effectiveness of an office-based intervention for training resident physicians to use self-efficacy-enhancing interviewing techniques. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Participants: Family medicine and internal medicine resident physicians at an academic medical center. Measurements: Resident use of SEE IT was coded from audio recordings of the physician-patient portion of two standardized patient instructor training visits and two unannounced post-training SP visits, all involving common physical and mental health conditions and behavior change issues. One post-training SP visit involved health conditions similar to those experienced in training, while the other involved new conditions. Results: Experimental group residents demonstrated significantly greater use of SEE IT than controls, starting after the first training visit and sustained through the final post-training visit. The mean effect of the intervention was significant [adjusted incidence rate ratio for increased use of SEE IT∈=∈1.94 ]. There were no significant effects of resident gender, race/ethnicity, specialty, training level, or SP health conditions. Conclusions: SP instructors can teach resident physicians to apply SEE IT during SP office visits, and the effects extend to health conditions beyond those used for training. Future studies should explore the effects of the intervention on practicing physicians, physician use of SEE IT during actual patient visits, and its influence on patient health behaviors and outcomes.

La educación de valores es una exigencia clave para el siglo XXI dado los imperativos del mundo contemporáneo. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo determinar los presupuestos teóricos de la educación en valores en estudiantes universitarios. La concepción de valores está dirigida al desarrollo de la cultura profesional como proceso activo, complejo y contradictorio en el que intervienen diversos factores socializadores. Es un proceso sistemático, pluridimensional, intencional e integrado que garantiza la formación y desarrollo de la personalidad del estudiante universitario. The education of values is a key demand in the XXI century due to the imperatives of the contemporary world. The objective of the present article was to determine the theoretical foundations of values education in university students. The concept of values is directed towards the development of professional culture as an active, complex and contradictory process in which different factors take place. It is a systematic pluridimensional, intentional and integrated process that guarantees the formation and development of university students´ personalities.

In Zubiri's few references to "kairos," he emphasizes the ordinary meaning of the termby relating it to the characteristic emplacement of human life. Yet another implicit meaning is detectable. The hold reality exercises on man bestows a special seriousness upon hisactions. But, faced with the compulsion of having to realize himself, he can rely upon thevoice of conscience. This voice is constituted in the possibility of gaining access to a firststage of the "kairos," such as the opportune coincidence between what one does and whatone thinks one should do. This is perhaps the only "real" happiness to which one can aspire beyond inevitable mistakes.Aunque Zubiri se refiere pocas veces al “kairós”, y cuando lo hace releva el sentido corriente del término relacionándolo con el emplazamiento característico de la vida humana,puede detectarse otro sentido implícito. El apoderamiento que la realidad ejerce sobre elhombre otorga una peculiar gravedad a sus acciones; pero, ante la impelencia de tener querealizarse, éste puede contar con un indicio para el acierto: escuchar la voz de la conciencia. Esa voz se constituye así en la posibilidad de acceder a un primer estadio del “kairós”como la oportuna coincidencia entre lo que se hace y lo que se piensa que se debe hacer—siendo ésta, quizá, la única felicidad “real” a la que se pueda aspirar más allá de los inevitables desaciertos

The theme of the relationship between “real-thing” and “meaning thing” is not novel—itwas finely conceptualized by Zubiri in his book On Essence. But it is important. For thosefew who still sustain the validity of the senses, it would seem that they tend to legitimize itif it is gratifying for they who use it. So it is important to point out the emphasis that theSpanish philosopher puts on the “condition” as ground of all possible sensing—valuing, atthe same time, its decisive importance in human life: it constitutes a “construct” with it, itsustains. But without leaving aside the limit that the de suyo or en propio implies aboutreality for human freedom. In the course of the article the objection of Jorge EduardoRivera to the philosophy of Zubiri is analyzed, fundamentally to underline the coherence ofthe ground of the “meaning thing” with the total Zubirian system, whose fundamental notions can illuminate diverse contemporary human and social problems, in certain as yetunpublished ways.El tema de la articulación entre “cosa-real” y “cosa-sentido” no es novedoso –quedó ní-tidamente conceptualizado por Zubiri en Sobre la esencia–, pero es importante. En tantoque algunos de los pocos que todavía sostienen la vigencia del sentido, parecería quetienden a legitimarlo si resulta gratificante para quienes lo esgrimen, importa señalar elénfasis que el filósofo español pone en la “condición” como fundamento de todo posible sentido –valorando, al mismo tiempo, su decisiva importancia en la vida humana: constituyeun “constructo” con ella, sostiene. Pero sin dejar de lado el límite que implica el “de suyo” –o “en propio”– de la realidad para la libertad humana. En el curso del artículo se analiza laobjeción de Jorge Eduardo Rivera a la filosofía de Zubiri, fundamentalmente para subrayarla coherencia de la fundamentación de la "cosa-sentido” con el todo sistema zubiriano,cuyas nociones fundamentales pueden iluminar diversas problemáticas humanas y socialesactuales, en cierto modo inéditas

Zubiri argues that the problem of God, which every human confronts due to the power thatrealitiy exercises over him, has various solutions. But fundamentally there are just two:theism, which implies faith; and non-theistic attitudes, which are choices realized atdifferent levels of the intellective and/or volitional processes with respect to the enigma ofthe power of the real. Zubiri also establishes a distinction between atheism, or the theismof the “useless” pagan gods, common in classical antiquity, and all other non-theisticchoices: agnosticism, indiferentism, and “atheistic life”—which are different responses tothe problem of grounding. These latter, while mistaken in their philosophical systems, arelegitimate because they are grounded on a fact of experience to which every human issubjected: he does not know if the power of the real will compel him to arrive at anabsolutely absolute reality.Zubiri sostiene que el problema de Dios, que se le plantea a todo hombre desde elapoderamiento que la realidad ejerce sobre él, tiene diversas soluciones. Fundamentalmente dos: el teísmo—que implica la fe—y las posturas no teístas, opciones realizadas en distintos niveles del proceso intelectivo y/o volitivo ante el enigma del poder de lo real. Establece, además, una distinción entre el ateísmo, o teísmo de los dioses ociosos, vigente ya enla Antigüedad clásica, y las otras opciones no teístas: agnosticismo, indiferentismo, y “vidaatea”, respuestas diversas ante el problema de la fundamentalidad. Éstas, aunque resultenerróneas en su sistema filosófico, son legítimas porque se fundamentan en un hecho deexperiencia al que el hombre se ve sometido: no sabe si el poder de lo real lo fuerza, o no, allegar a una realidad absolutamente absoluta

El presente ensayo tiene como objetivo proponer una aproximación epistemológica que muestre cómo los objetos de estudio de las psicologías se construyen. Es decir, las propuestas teórico-metodológicas y de intervención son elaboradas a partir del mundo psicológico que cada grupo de investigación observa. Este mundo se vincula con expectativas y demandas de un individuo y una comunidad psicológica que adquieren sentido según el pensamiento de la época en que viven; esto sugiere un proceso de formación tácito, cada comunidad psicológica enseña y aprende a mirar mediante una práctica social. En este sentido, creemos importante develar el mundo psicológico de cada corriente para tener una comprensión adecuada de sus límites y alcances sin descalificarla.This essay proposes an epistemological approach to psychology which shows how the objects of study of psychology are constructed, the intervention, as well as the theoretical and methodological proposals are drawn from the psychological world that each research group observes. This world is linked to expectations and demands of an individual and a psychological community that make sense according to the ideas of the time in which they live, this suggests a tacit process of formation; each psychological community teaches and learns to look through a specific social practice. In this sense, we believe that is important to uncover the psychological world of each current to have a proper understanding of its limits and scope without underscoring it