Juan García

This paper provides a thorough account of the functionalities of the software ALTXA 2.0. It is a free, Java-based software designed to integrate a wide catalogue of authorship tests characteristic of the field of forensic linguistics in an intuitive interface so that it can be accessible to researchers and students without a solid background in programming. These functionalities are divided into four different tabs, namely _Text Analysis_, _Hapax_, _N-gram Tracing_ and _Zeta test_, which are explained in depth and tested on samples of known authorship. Lastly, the paper includes an original study in which a group of university students were presented with a case of authorship analysis involving an anonymous threatening letter produced by one of their peers. The results show that, when given the possibility to work with a variety of computational tools, most participants conducted their analyses using ALTXA. Further findings of the study also address the specific authorship tests selected to solve the case.

O paradigma computacionalista nas ciências cognitivas, atualmente conhecido como cognitivismo, tem exercido um domínio filosófico e empírico que tem dificultado a visibilização e aproximação a paradigmas alternativos contemporâneos, como os propostos pela escola de cognição 4E. Para incentivar a exploração dessas novas correntes teóricas, este artigo busca analisar os pressupostos conceituais do cognitivismo e criticar dois de seus aspectos centrais (o representacionalismo e o funcionalismo). Dessa forma, espera-se obter uma justificativa filosófica do enativismo, seus fundamentos teóricos e implicações metodológicas como um caminho promissor dentro das ciências cognitivas.

En este artículo se hace un recorrido por los principales autores clave en las relaciones entre psicoanálisis y fenomenología. Se comienza, con una revisión de las problemáticas epistemológicas con respecto a la intersubjetividad en Husserl y Dilthey, para luego llegar a Marleau-Ponty de la mano de Guy-Félix Duportail y sus posibles nexos con Lacan a parte de las posibles aportaciones y superación de los conflictos del creador de la fenomenología y el historicismo. A continuación, se llega al debate entre el psicoanalista francés y Marc Richir, con objetivos a priori muy similares, pero con problemáticas, cuyas aporías podrían solucionarse en un estudio comparado entre ambos. En principio Lacan, aunque destaca el comienzo del temporalidad con el ingreso de la palabra al mismo tiempo que el surgir de lo simbólico; Richir en cambio, sitúa antes en un origen prelingüístico la constitución de los fenómenos a partir de la temporalidad originaria y la síntesis pasiva. Pero el riesgo del fenomenólogo valón es que su fenomenalización deja atrás el establecimiento de una teoría científica del conocimiento.

Este artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver argumentos epistêmicos que destacam a importância das sociedades do conhecimento e da incorporação de vários saberes historicamente marginalizados na chamada “sociedade do conhecimento”, frequentemente orientada por valores econômicos. O texto está dividido em três seções: a primeira apresenta uma introdução a partir do argumento e do contexto da obra de Nelson Goodman; a segunda descreve os elementos epistêmicos e conceituais da noção de conhecimento; a terceira seção analisa a constituição conceitual do pluralismo epistemológico a partir de práticas epistêmicas. Por fim, discute-se a importância de pensar os mundos a partir de sociedades plurais do conhecimento.

Resumen: La idea central del artículo es plantear algunas cuestiones relacionadas con la investigación en las ciencias humanas. El propósito es demostrar que tanto las ciencias humanas como su investigación son terrenos en construcción, es decir, requieren esfuerzos epistémicos, ontológicos y metodológicos para alcanzar un estatuto riguroso de cientificidad. Para lograr esto, se parte de una introducción en la que se enuncia la intuición que guía el escrito, a saber, que la investigación en ciencias humanas es un campo en construcción. Posteriormente, se mostrarán algunas de las dificultades para la formulación de una investigación de las ciencias humanas y se argumentará a favor de una relación entre la filosofía general de la ciencia y asuntos propios de las ciencias humanas en sus dimensiones epistemológicas, ontológicas y metodológicas. Finalmente, se expondrá, con pretensiones meramente indicativas, un debate pertinente para la investigación en ciencias humanas no ajeno a discusiones ya clásicas de la filosofía general de la ciencia. Una conclusión que se extrae de esta presentación es que la construcción de una investigación de las ciencias humanas puede hacerse en el marco de una filosofía general de la ciencia. Abstract: The article's main idea is to raise some questions related to research in the human sciences. The purpose is to show that both human sciences and their philosophy are terrains under construction, i.e., they require epistemic, ontological, and methodological efforts to reach a rigorous status of scientificity. To achieve this, we start with an introduction in which we state the intuition guiding the paper, namely, research in human sciences as a work in progress. Subsequently, some of the difficulties for the formulation of research in the human sciences will be shown, and an argument will be made in favour of a relationship between the general philosophy of science and issues proper to the human sciences in their epistemological, ontological, and methodological dimensions. Finally, it will be presented, with merely indicative pretensions, a debate relevant to the philosophy of human sciences, not unrelated to classical discussions of the general philosophy of science. A conclusion to be drawn from this presentation is that the construction of research in human sciences can be done within the framework of a general philosophy of science.

Are people able to tell apart a random configuration of lines and dots from a work of art? Previous studies have shown that untrained viewers can distinguish between abstract art made by professional artists, children, or apes. Pieces made by artists were perceived as more intentionally made and organized than the rest. However, these studies used paintings by prominent abstract artists (e.g., Mark Rothko) as stimuli, which in any case showed that people were able to recognize high-quality paintings made by trained artists, not “any” human. In this study, we presented participants with artworks by untrained human artists versus artworks made by captive chimpanzees in a visual discrimination task. In Study 1, participants viewed sets of human- and non-human-made paintings and were asked to identify the artist as human or ape. In Study 2, they rated the paintings on several criteria: intentionality, organization, balance, and complexity. We found that participants: (1) successfully distinguished between human-made and non-human-made paintings; (2) reported perceiving more balance, organization, and intentionality in human-made paintings; (3) preferred stimuli, which ranked higher in intentionality. We also identified balance, complexity, and organization as key features that influence preference for abstract artworks. Overall, our results show that even non-figurative paintings made by adults untrained in the visual arts are perceived as intentionally made, suggesting people spontaneously produce and perceive cues of intentionality, generating an implicit human signature in visual art.

El objetivo del estudio es averiguar el grado de conocimientos previos sobre los ODS y la Agenda 2030 de los discentes en formación inicial docente para los Grados de Maestro en Educación Primaria, Maestro en Educación Infantil y Máster en Educación Secundaria de la Universitat de València. Para ello, dentro del marco de un proyecto de Innovación Docente, se administró a los participantes un inventario de conocimientos previos. Finalmente, los resultados fueron analizados y comparados con el objetivo de mejorar futuras intervenciones sobre sostenibilidad e innovación curricular.

Este estudio pretende indagar en el trato de la España vacía; mientras que este asunto se ha tratado ampliamente desde las ciencias sociales, no se ha tenido en cuenta la potencial labor de las humanidades en revertir este proceso de despoblación. El cielo gira, documental de Mercedes Álvarez,trata sobre los últimos habitantes de Aldealseñor, un pueblo soriano al borde de su extinción. Además de ofrecer un novedoso enfoque sobre el problema del abandono rural, el documental de Álvarez ha convertido a Aldealseñor en un pueblo con reconocimiento internacional al que han viajado espectadores procedentes de todo el mundo.

Realizamos un viraje desde el Lacan de sus comienzos psiquiátricos, en 1927, hasta el Lacan de «Función y campo de la palabra», donde se considera que comienza su enseñanza en 1953. Seguiremos sus andanzas para recoger sus influencias primeras (Gaëtan de Clérambault, Jaspers y, poco todavía, de Freud). A partir de 1936, con su escrito «Más allá del principio de realidad» comienza el período imaginario de Lacan donde va a incorporar la fenomenología y el psicoanálisis freudiano. Finalmente, la incorporación de Freud, y la concepción sobre el lenguaje de Heidegger. Será en 1953, con «Función y campo de la palabra» donde comienza su gran entrada en lo simbólico, dando entrada a su noción de significante y rompiendo finalmente con la fenomenología y con Jaspers, e integrando completamente a Freud. Desde muy temprano incorpora la influencia de Hegel y del famoso semanario de Kojève (concepto de negatividad). Sin embargo, la concepción de la temporalidad en Lacan, no está desarrollada como es el caso de Richir y en cierta forma, Laplanche, los cuales van en la dirección de un inconsciente fenomenológico, que va más allá del inconsciente simbólico, enriqueciendo así el psicoanálisis con la experiencia de la temporalización y espacialización propios de la fenomenología. Ello podría tener repercusiones en la práctica psicoanalítica.

Starting from theoretical concepts and experiences, the volume is interested in a variety of methods, techniques, approaches and conceptualisations that shape these engagements as well as different methodologies. Engage the community of residents, of different interests, of virtual communities, and community of places at different scales, understanding how these forms of engagements were achieved by using particular methods. Also, the combination of different groups engaged in the placemaking like professionals, citizens, stakeholders, NGO, students and combination of virtual and physical communities is in the very aim of the chapters.

How to reciprocate a precious gift? In this case the gift was given to us twice. First, in the shape of Paget Henry’s pioneering reinvention of René Ménil’s “Aesthetic Marxism.” Through it, second, we’re led to rediscover the fantastic world of Ménil’s hitherto ignored but crucial contribution to contemporary philosophy: his systematization of the poetics of revolt. Our debt with Ménil and Henry is unpayable. Our humble response in this essay is to offer readers a map to the treasure that is Ménil’s thought. We aim to offer a path across and beyond the sedimentation and pacifying effects of given frames of judgment and the imagination in today’s post-classical public sphere. We call it “fantastic critique,” largely inspired by our wider reading of Ménil’s work and specifically his original concept of the “velocity of the spirit.” It renews the Hegelo-Marxian revolutionary formula. Here. Keep it with you. It’s a precious gift.

Despite the tight link between the visibility of the iris and pupil, the perceived effects of these two have been studied largely in isolation. We demonstrate, across two experimental studies, that the effects of perceived pupil size are dependent on the visibility of the iris. In a first study, our participants donated more and had more positive impressions of portraits of non-human primates when these were manipulated to appear having larger pupils. Post-hoc inspection of our data suggested that the difference was greater for species with more conspicuous irises. In a second study, we concomitantly manipulated iris brightness and pupil size. Brighter irises and larger pupils elicited greater donations. Participants rated photographs with brighter irises as cuter, more attractive and friendlier, but only when they had dilated pupils. Our results have methodological implications for studies manipulating eye appearance, and help interpret results from previous studies.

This article reviews the didactic units in biology and environmental education in the context of Latin America, analyzing their design, implementation, and effectiveness in the teaching of environmental and biological topics. Through a literature review and case analysis, the most commonly used teaching strategies are identified and their impact on student learning is evaluated. It highlights best practices and proposes recommendations to improve the quality of biology and environmental education in the region.

This paper discusses and analyses the critical and intellectual nature of the work of Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. It reproduces the process of construction and exercise of his critical activity , based on different sources some of them not yet very studied. The paper takes into account his relationships with other intellectuals and the influence of its different contexts. Thus, in order to get a comprehensive framework, it studies his participation in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, his correspondence with Alfonso Reyes and Nils Hedberg, his diplomatic activity, his work as editor and translator and finally his teaching experience. The critical work of Gutiérrez Girardot is far from being completely interpreted and this makes necessary an exhaustive work of reconstruction and analysis

El presente escrito tiene por objeto tematizar la colonialidad del ser en el sur-global. Para ello, se identifican, por una parte, las diferencias entre el colonialismo y la colonialidad y, por otro lado, se analiza la emergencia del sintagma colonialidad del ser en el marco de las teorías de la colonialidad, las cuales se sitúan, como punto de partida, en la obra de Aníbal Quijano. La colonialidad del ser consiste en la infravaloración o inferiorización cultural de la vida humana colonizada. La colonialidad del ser enuncia el despojo de la condición humana (des-humanización o sub-humanización) que padecieron los pueblos amerindios colonizados (siglo XVI-XVIII) y que, actualmente, continúan padecido los habitantes que constituyen el sur-global.

Este artículo discute y analiza la formación del carácter crítico e intelectual en Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. A partir de fuentes diversas y, en parte, inexploradas, se reconstruye el proceso de formación y ejercicio de su actividad crítica entre 1950 y 1965. Se tienen en cuenta tanto las relaciones con otros intelectuales como la influencia de los diversos contextos en los cuales se dieron dichas relaciones. Así, su participación en Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, su correspondencia con Alfonso Reyes y con Nils Hedberg, su actividad diplomática, su trabajo editorial y de traducción y, finalmente, su práctica docente, se estudian con objeto de tener un marco comprensivo. La obra crítica de Gutiérrez Girardot dista de estar comprendida y, de hecho, se precisa todavía de un exhaustivo trabajo de reconstrucción y análisis. This paper discusses and analyses the critical and intellectual nature of the work of Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. It reproduces the process of construction and exercise of his critical activity (1950-1965), based on different sources some of them not yet very studied. The paper takes into account his relationships with other intellectuals and the influence of its different contexts. Thus, in order to get a comprehensive framework, it studies his participation in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, his correspondence with Alfonso Reyes and Nils Hedberg, his diplomatic activity, his work as editor and translator and finally his teaching experience. The critical work of Gutiérrez Girardot is far from being completely interpreted and this makes necessary an exhaustive work of reconstruction and analysis