H Kim

South Korean cultivators share features with counterparts in both the global south and north. This combination of traits has produced a diversity of sources that underpin a food sovereignty movement. A case study of t’ojong, or native, seed activism illustrates how local systems of meaning and particular constellations of interests make food sovereignty appealing to a broad coalition of farmers, consumers, part-time cultivators, agricultural scientists, and activists for farmers and for women. The country’s experience demonstrates that responses to market encroachment on food production provide only part of the force driving food sovereignty movements.

We conducted stress psychotherapy using an expert system via computer networks, telephones and facsimiles in Gifu City, Japan. Through the therapy, we have obtained some distinct knowledge about the source of stress, stress related disorders and illness.This paper reports some of the results categorized as follows; adolescents, housewives, career women, geriatric persons, researchers, salarymen and managers. For example, the stresses of career women are due to sexual harassment in their working time and serving tea and coffee to clients. About half of them have felt a lack of personal satisfactions with friends, spouses, children and in-laws. They also expressed problems in time-management between family and office work and difficulty in accomplishing tasks impart due to distractions. When they feel lack of self esteem due to self-demand and self-blaming, they have a problem in expressing their own feelings and thus keep their problems and pressures to themselves. Emotional symptoms manifested by stress are developed personal sensitivity, and pre-menstrual tension. The career women pre-menstrual tensions are four times higher then for housewives. Psychological disorders caused by stress are hostility, anxiety and depression. Physiological disorders include tension headaches, migraine headaches and insomnia. A few of the career women experienced sacroiliac pain and duodenal ulcers. We believe that our expert system for the stress management is convenient and user friendly for stress diagnosis and to seek treatment to find ways to alleviate stress

This paper critically investigates the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) project. I analyze the word “explain” in XAI and the theory of explanation and identify the discrepancy between the meaning of the explanation claimed to be necessary and that which is actually presented. After summarizing the history of AI related to explainability, I argue that American philosophy in the 1900s operated in the background of said history. I then extract the meaning of explanation in view of XAI, to elucidate the relationship among AI, logic, and the theory of explanation. In so doing, I aim to reveal DARPA’s surreptitious definitional retreat in terms of its contents and formal fallacy of sophisma figurae dictionis, drawing from Kant’s paralogism. I conclude that this intentional fallacy preexists the XAI project and that presumptuous use of reason, which Kant criticizes, is underlying.

This paper provides estimates of the economic welfare effects of tobacco taxation in India, S.Africa, S.Korea, Japan and the European Union. It argues that past studies of the cost-benefits of smoking are flawed as they fail to net out Paretoirrelevant pecuniary externalities. It estimates tobacco demand for both the myopic and rational addiction models and finds the latter invariably perform better. It finds that the net welfare losses associated with current tax levels an increase over current taxation of 10% and an increase of 10% a year for!0 years in all these countries, but particularly in the poorest, are large.Cet article fournit des estimations des effets des taxes sur le tabac sur le bien-être : l’Inde, l’Afrique du Sud, la Corée du Sud, le Japon et l’Union Européenne. L’article soutient que les analyses antérieures des coûts et des bénéfices de la cigarette sont erronées car elles ne tiennent pas compte des externalités pécuniaires non pertinentes dans un monde parétien. Il donne des estimations de la demande non tant pour les modèles myopes que pour ceux supposant une addiction rationnelle et constate que ces derniers donnent de meilleurs résultats. Il en ressort aussi que les pertes nettes de bien-être associées aux niveaux actuels de taxes, à une augmentation de 10% des taxes actuelles et à une augmentation annuelle de 10% des taxes sur 10 ans dans toutes les zones étudiées, mais particulièrement dans les plus pauvres d’entre elles, sont conséquentes.