A Asghari

Interactions between physicians and nurses are regarded as an indicator to present the desirable care for the patient. The present study was conducted with aim of clarifying the status of communication and collaboration of nurses and physicians as well as the correlation between these two factors from the nurses' viewpoint. This research was a descriptive - analytical study of the cross-sectional type in which all the nurses employed in the wards of 22 Bahman and Hakim hospitals of Neyshabur city participated as a census. The sample size was 162 persons according to Morgan table. To collect data a three-part questionnaire was used which included demographic information as well as the communication and collaboration of physicians and nurses. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. 34.6% and 65.4% of nurses were employed in Hospitals of Hakim and 22 Bahman, respectively. 37%, 24.7% and 38.3% of them were working in intensive care units, the emergency ward and other wards, respectively. The results of the study showed that the amount of communication and collaboration of nurses with physicians in all scopes of communication was at a moderate level and a positive correlation was found between the scopes of communication and collaboration of physicians and nurses. A significant relationship also was found between communication, collaboration, and employees' demographic information. Conclusion: The results showed that the effective communication between physicians and nurses is an important element in order to have collaboration between them. Therefore, better communication could improve collaboration of them.

Background and Objectives: One of the latent and consequential factors of facilitation of organizational justice is staff members’ level of organizational commitment. The present study aimed at surveying the relationships between various dimensions of organizational justice with organizational commitment and job satisfaction of staff of a Medical University. Methods: 263 staff members were eligible and agreed to participate in the survey. Data related to demographic characteristics, perceived organizational justice, and organizational commitment and job satisfaction were collected. Validity and reliability of research methodology were measured through utilization of Content Validity Index and internal consistency procedure, respectively. Results: Organizational justice, organization commitment, and job satisfaction were all positively correlated. There were positive and significant correlations between job satisfaction with organizational justice and organizational commitment with organizational justice. Furthermore, Multiple linear regression analysis showed that all three parts of organizational justice can explain only 26% of the changes in organizational satisfaction and only organizational procedural justice can explain only 3.3% of the changes in organizational Commitment. Conclusion: Considering the research findings, it is proposed that in order to facilitate the level of organizational commitment, occupational circumstances such as educational facilities should be utilized. With such utilizations, functional and mental efficiency of staff will be improved and the sense of high level job efficiency is generated against any possible regret for choosing the particular organization.

Blood is a public resource of human origin and its transfusion process is essential to individual and public health. This study aimed to develop a national code of ethics for blood donation and transfusion. This was a qualitative research with a multi methods approach in which a combination of methods including situational analysis, focus group discussion and expert panels were used. After situational analysis and orientation, the code of ethics for BDT was developed based on the findings of a content analysis within the framework of the four principles of biomedical ethics. The results were categorized into two sections: situational analysis and underpinnings measures, and the clauses of the code. The Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has carried out three essential supportive measures over the past decades: approval of insurance coverage of blood recipients against communicable diseases; inclusion of 14 blood services in the book of “Relative Value Units of Health Services”; and formation of the National Ethics Committee of Transfusion Medicine. After recognition and orientation, the national code of ethics for BDT was adopted and imparted to blood donation centers. The code consists of two sections: “Blood Transfusion Centers: Donors and Donation” in 19 clauses, and “Hospitals: Patients” in 8 clauses. The national code of ethics for BDT establishes moral norms in order to protect the rights of blood donors and recipients. It could also serve as a basis for addressing the related ethical challenges and right decision-making in the area of BDT.

This paper proposes a reading of the history of equivalence in mathematics. The paper has two main parts. The first part focuses on a relatively short historical period when the notion of equivalence is about to be decontextualized, but yet, has no commonly agreed-upon name. The method for this part is rather straightforward: following the clues left by the others for the ‘first’ modern use of equivalence. The second part focuses on a relatively long historical period when equivalence is experienced in context. The method for this part is to strip the ideas from their set-theoretic formulations and methodically examine the variations in the ways equivalence appears in some prominent historical texts. The paper reveals several critical differences in the conceptions of equivalence at different points in history that are at variance with the standard account of the mathematical notion of equivalence encompassing the concepts of equivalence relation and equivalence class.