Adam Chuderski

Five experiments investigated the role of spatial connectedness between a pair of objects presented in the change detection task for the actual capacity of visual working memory (VWM) in healthy young adults (total N = 405). Three experiments yielded a surprising nonlinear relationship between the proportion of pair-wise connected objects and capacity, with the highest capacity observed for homogenous displays, when either all objects were connected or disjointed. A drop in capacity, ranging from an average of a quarter of an object out of three objects maintained in VWM, was noted when only some objects were connected while others were disjointed. As indicated by another two experiments, this effect was specific to double-feature encoding, but disappeared when single visual features had to be memorized. No existing theoretical model of VWM can directly explain this novel effect. Overall, the nonlinear effect of spatial connectedness implies that representations in VWM possess hierarchical structure defined by wholes, parts, features, and their relations, and the heterogeneity of such a structure hinders VWM performance, while homogeneity facilitates it.

Recently, DeCaro and Van Stockum have suggested that ego depletion following intensive self-control can improve insight problem-solving; this finding was interpreted in terms of insight relying on decreased control over attention and memory. However, DeCaro and Van Stockum used three variants of the single matchstick arithmetic problem. Experiment 1 involved low sample and non-standard problem application, while the more powered Experiment 2 yielded a surprisingly low solution rate. These facts made both studies problematic and called for their replication. In the two present studies, the DeCaro and Van Stockum ego-depletion manipulation and their matchstick problems were administered to a total of 316 people. Furthermore, various other insight problems, subjective ratings of insight experience, analytical problems and executive control tests were applied. The key result was that no reliable effect of ego depletion could be found for any of these measures.

Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) holds that correlation between general (g)/fluid (Gf) intelligence factor and other cognitive abilities weakens with increasing ability level. Thus, cognitive processing in low ability people is most strongly saturated by g/gf, whereas processing in high ability people depends less on g/gf. Numerous studies demonstrated that low g is more strongly correlated with crystallized intelligence/creativity/processing speed than is high g, however no study tested an analogous effect in the case of working memory (WM). Our aim was to investigate SLODR for the relationship between Gf and WM capacity, using a large data set from our own previous studies. We tested alternative regression models separately for three types of WM tasks that tapped short-term memory storage, attention control, and relational integration, respectively. No significant SLODR effect was found for any of these tasks. Each task shared with Gf virtually the same amount of variance in the case of low- and high-ability people. This result suggests that Gf and WM rely on one and the same (neuro)cognitive mechanism.

W badaniach nad kontrolą elementarnych procesów poznawczych osiągnięto ostatnio znaczący postęp. Na przykład, wyodrębniono w systemie poznawczym człowieka różnorakie funkcje i mechanizmy kontrolne. Jednakże, nauki o poznaniu nie poradziły sobie dotąd z wyjaśnieniem zjawiska samokontroli, czyli zdolności przejawiającej się na poziomie całego systemu poznawczego, polegającej na skutecznym podążaniu za odległymi celami oraz unikaniu dystrakcji. W pracy przedstawiona została koncepcja samokontroli odwołująca się do pojęcia emergencji, która prowadzi do nowych i nieprzewidywalnych własności systemu, wynikających ze złożonych, dynamicznych i nieliniowych interakcji jego elementów składowych. Koncepcja ta pozwala wyobrazić sobie teorie samokontroli umysłu unikające dobrze znanego „problemu homunkulusa”. Dzięki symulacjom obliczeniowym, teorie takie umożliwiają (na razie, w bardzo prosty sposób) odtworzenie emergentnej zdolności umysłu do samokontroli, mimo że — ze względu na odpowiednią złożoność — nie możemy w pełni prześledzić ciągu przyczynowo\dywiz skutkowego, który do niej prowadzi. Tak więc, deterministycznie opisujemy i wyjaśniamy warunki konieczne do pojawienia się samokontroli, ale odnosząc się do modelowanego systemu wciąż możemy mówić o jego autonomii i autodeterminacji. Jak dowodzą najnowsze wyniki badań nad zaburzeniami samokontroli, owa autonomia bywa jednak znacznie ograniczona.

Using a large sample and the confirmatory factor analysis, the study investigated the relationships between anxiety, working memory (WM) and (fluid) intelligence. The study showed that the negative impact of anxiety on WM functioning diminishes with increasing intelligence, and that anxiety can significantly affect WM only in people below average intelligence. This effect could not be fully explained by the sheer differences in WM capacity (WMC), suggesting the importance of higher-level cognition in coping with anxiety. Although intelligence moderated the impact of anxiety on WM, it was only weakly related to anxiety. In contrast to previous studies, anxiety explained the substantial amount of WMC variance (17.8%) in less intelligent participants, but none of the variance in more intelligent ones. These results can be explained in terms of either increased motivation of intelligent but anxious people to cope with a WM task, or their ability to compensate decrements in WM.