Adriano Cardoso Henrique

This paper examines some limitations of large language models (LLMs) through the framework of Peircean semiotics. We argue that basic LLMs exist within a "hall of mirrors," manipulating symbols without indexical grounding or participation in socially-mediated epistemology. We then argue that newer developments, including extended context windows, persistent memory, and mediated interactions with reality, are moving towards making newer Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems into genuine Peircean interpretants, and conclude that LLMs may be approaching this goal, and no fundamental barriers exist. This lens reframes a central challenge for AI alignment: without grounding in the semiotic process, a models’ linguistic encoding of goals may diverge from real-world values. By synthesizing Peirce's pragmatic view of signs, contemporary discussions of AI alignment, and recent work on relational realism, we illustrate a fundamental epistemological and practical challenge to AI safety and point to part of a solution.