Alain-Marc Rieu

L’objectif de cet article est de redéfinir l’idée de modernité en la situant dans le contexte actuel, à une époque où les sociétés industrielles sont soumises à des contraintes environnementales qui les contraignent à opérer des réformes radicales, difficiles à concevoir et à réaliser parce qu’elles les conduisent en dehors de leur modernisation historique. La modernité désigne aujourd’hui ce moment critique où un type de société atteint son terme, la limite à partir de laquelle s’engage sa déconstruction. Cette expérience de la modernité réactive la notion de postmoderne apparue dans les pays industriels dans les années 1960-70 et lui donne une urgence nouvelle. Que se passe-t-il à ce moment critique? Quels sont les discours, les idéologies, les évènements, les groupes sociaux qui confèrent à une société la capacité d’identifier ce seuil et de le franchir. La modernité désigne cette époque où une société entre en transition. Analyser le cas du Japon permet de montrer comment s’ouvre la possibilité de penser et d’engager un autre processus de modernisation.

The objective is to analyse the cultural, social and political conditions of a decisive period of Japan’s modernity known by the slogan of “overcoming modernity” (kindai no chokoku). This slogan is the title of a colloquium, which took place in Tokyo in July 1942, eight months after Pearl Harbour, and associated influential and respected intellectuals. This colloquium and slogan signalled a deep and pervasive cultural, political and societal syndrome, conducive in the case of Japan to fascism and ultra-nationalism. But this syndrome is not an experience unique to Japan. It is observed in every modern society, as a step in ofits past but also present evolution. This syndrome signals therefore an ambiguous and highly dangerous period. It expresses the collective experience of a society at a given moment. This experience conditions its relation to the past, its understanding of theits present situationand also the capacity of individuals and groups to respond to theiris present situation. TBut this collective experience is expressed in metaphysics subjective experience and inter-subjective bond reinforcing a community under intense pressure. In Japan, “oOvercoming modernity” expressed a deep disenchantment with toward modernizsation’s effects and sequels, along with grea deep individual anxiety and collective confusion. The case of Japan provides us with a unique knowledge of a major societal syndrome. The goal is to construct a theory capable of identifying today similar periods of deep political and cultural instability in nations like China, France, Russia and others, with the goal to analyse these cases and evaluate the resulting risks and potential responses.

Since the 1980s, two different paradigms have reshaped industrial societies: the Neoliberal paradigm and a Research and Innovation paradigm. Both have been conceptualized and translated into strong policies with massive economic and social consequences. They provide divergent responses to the environmental transition. The Neoliberal paradigm is based on economic models and geopolitical solutions. The Research and Innovation paradigm's goal is to manage knowledge differently in order to reorient the evolution of society. Since the mid-1990s, a version of the Research and Innovation paradigm has led to the design of large-scale research and innovation policies. This book examines how these policies have evolved and how they can be extended and reformed to respond to present and future environmental constraints. It studies the transformation of the conception, organization and role of science and technology in the evolution of industrial societies and explores the future of these developments. The book offers three unique lines of enquiry. The first is to focus not specifically on economics, sociology, political science or history, but on knowledge creation from an institutional and reflexive point of view. The second is to establish a convergence between the British school of science and technology studies and the research trends opened by the work of Michel Foucault. Both introduced trans-disciplinary and policy-oriented research associating case studies, long-term perspectives and theory. The third is to consider climate change as the overwhelming challenge of our time. The book is an insightful guide for students, scholars and researchers across the humanities and social sciences, including philosophy, political science, law, economics, business and media.