Alexander Petrov

В современной гуманитаристике существует множество подходов к пониманию феномена сознания. Развитие культуры порождает разнообразные формы репрезентации сознания. В этой связи актуальным является вопрос о телеологичности в жизни сознания. В исследовании в качестве отправной точки решения вопроса об условиях возможности такой телеологии взята оппозиция объективной и субъективной целесообразности. Показано, что, с одной стороны, при экстраполяции идеи телеологизма в эмпирический мир она дает основание для онтологии и космологии, а с другой, при проекции в пространство ценностей и отношений, она фундирует собой аксиологию. В статье эти аспекты уточняются в соответствии с идеей дифференциации целей на сакральные, имеющие отношение к священному и в широком смысле трансцендентному, и витальные, имеющие отношение к жизни в эмпирическом смысле. В итоге делается вывод, что телеология в форме аксиологии является точкой преодоления оппозиции объективной и субъективной целесообразности, становясь пространством соотнесения общезначимого с уникальным, трансцендентного с витальным. Такая телеология релевантна жизни сознания, поскольку приводит в движение механизм транскрибирования витальных импульсов в семиотическое пространство, придавая первым смысл, а второму сообщая жизненную силу, соотнося форму и феномен.

Sociocultural reality can be seen as the result of an increase in complexity. Complexity includes stages of biological, cultural and technological development. At present, organized sets of diverse nature are growing exponentially. This growth takes on the character of proliferation, "excessive growth." One can observe the transformation of ideas about the goals of human existence. Anthropological threats to the growth of diversity are caused by the formation of ecosystems of complex sociocultural forms and virtualization processes. The purpose of the article is to comprehend the ontological and anthropological perspectives of human complication in relation to the stages of the growth of diversity and complex sociocultural systems, using a teleological approach for this. The teleological approach, updated on the basis of the typologization of goals, makes it possible to make a forecast about which sociocultural phenomena contribute to productive complication, and which lead to proliferation and crisis. As a result of the study, it was found that a person creates an ecosystem of complex socio-cultural forms. These forms claim to be active subjects, often remaining simulacra of true subjectness. Under the conditions of virtualization, there is a transformation of human dimension, there is a proliferation of "virtual worlds". They can be considered as a way of representing human nature in new conditions. Such a representation easily provokes a rejection of the reality of the object and the rigor of thinking in favor of the unconditional primacy of the subject, total pluralism and relativity. These tendencies exacerbate sociocultural proliferation and threaten the fragmentation of sociocultural constants.

В статті показано, що федералізм не варто розглядати як невід’ємний принцип української політичної традиції. Навпаки, його поширення в суспільно-політичній думці було зумовлене рівнем та своєрідністю національної свідомості української інтелігенції, яка, розуміючи неспроможність українців відродити власну державу, намагалася розробити найбільш відповідні суспільно-політичним обставинам політичні програми та принципи. Поряд з вказаним виявлено, що незважаючи на наднаціональний характер лібералізму, принцип федералізму не можна вважати його невід’ємним елементом, оскільки він не передбачає градації цінностей внутрішньої і зовнішньої політики, у підсумку чого, свобода особистості водночас віщує свободу спільноти, яка постає результатом солідаризації, історично змінних інтересів людей.

International crises are dangerous episodes that can be destabilizing not only to the actors directly involved but also to the entire international system. Crises can present overwhelming challenges to established institutions and change forever the distribution of power. It is suggested that the stability of a political regime is demonstrated by its ability to avoid transformation as well as breakdown at times of crisis when the continuity of the regime’s identifying characteristics is threatened. The concept of «crisis» is rather vague and diffuse. This is not only the case in the public debate, but also in the political science literature. Despite its frequent use, no collectively accepted definition of a crisis exists. How to define the word crisis has been a problem for decades. The basic aims of this study are to present different views on international crises, to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the literature on crisis definitions, and to develop an agenda for future research on international crisis management. In addition, we examined and compared several prominent 20th century international crisis waves in historical context by means of a wide range of general and special scientific methods. International crisis management has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. Its expansion in terms of tasks and timelines and the increasing number of actors involved have made effective coordination of activities and instruments an urgent priority.

Optical coherence tomography is a catheter-based imaging technology with powerful resolution capable of identifying vulnerable plaques and guiding coronary intervention. However, a significant limitation of intravascular OCT imaging is its attenuation by blood. We propose that the use of an oxygen-carrying blood substitute could potentially optimize OCT image quality. Surgical isolation of the descending thoracic aorta of six rabbits is performed, followed by intravascular OCT imaging of the abdominal aorta. Perfluorodecalin is oxygenated using a bubble-through technique with 100% oxygen. OCT imaging is performed and compared using three different flushing modalities: PFD; saline; and blood. OCT imaging of the rabbit abdominal aorta is successful in all of the subjects. In each of the six studied subjects, flushing with PFD consistently provides dramatically better imaging of the vessel wall tissue structures. OCT image quality is highly dependent on the ability of the flushing modality to remove blood from the imaging field. From this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that endovascular flushing with an oxygen-carrying blood substitute is optically superior to saline flushing for intravascular imaging. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

The article presents the results of an interview in a student’s group on the problem of the fall into sin based on the discussion at the seminar of Dante's «divine Comedy». The authors consider human as an image and likeness of God, who creates himself, choosing between good and harm. There were changes in the perception of the structure of Inferno: the number of circles of hell in the minds of young people interviewed decreased: all respondents do not see sin in unbelief, three-quarters of respondents − in gluttony, half − in lust. The inter-pretation of heresy and fraud as ways to promote their projects is relevant. The effect of absolute rejection of violence, contemptuous attitude to treachery is revealed. The authors believe that secularization has touched only the first five circles of Hell, but at the bottom everything is still the same.

In the article these are considered ethical and legal problems caused by the ongoing pandemic of the new coronavirus disease. New challenges for health care, economy, education not only revealed rather a high level of stability and mobility, but also showed a poor readiness of response to sudden risks, which had a certain impact on all spheres of life of the whole society. The authors have conducted a brief cross-cultural analysis of the issue basing on data quoted by the international network of UNESCO chairs in bioethics, sessions of the Bioethics Committee within the RF Commission on UNESCO affairs, as well as official open sources of the health care system and judicial sphere of the Russian Federation. Strong reciprocal link of legal risks in the interdisciplinary field of medicine and law are made discernable: on the one hand, introduction of sanitary and hygienic regulations are aimed at the realization of the right of protecting the health, while on the other hand they represent a violation of basic human rights. Besides the theoretical approach to the problem of the observance of the constitutional rights of citizens in the pandemic conditions there exists a real threat of their violation due to absence of special mechanisms of their realization in frames of sanitary and hygienic measures with regard to the vulnerable and socially disadvantaged sections in the society. It is made conclusion about necessity of the international collaboration for the purpose of joint decision-making and action in the sphere of health care taking into account an international character of ethical and legal challenges triggered by COVID-19 pandemic, as well as national, economic, cultural and confessional peculiarities.