Alexandre Alves

This paper intends to evaluate the relationship Foucault establishes regarding modernity, taking as guide-line his link with Kant's thought. We approach, at a first moment, the interpretation Foucault gives from Kant in the period he was writing The Order of Things, remarking the tension between the critical project and the Kantian antropologism and, in a second moment, we question his relationship to Kant through some of his last texts, where Foucault is looking for an "ontology of the present".Este artigo pretende avaliar a relação que Foucault estabelece com a modernidade, tendo como fio condutor seu vínculo com o pensamento de Kant. Aborda-se, num primeiro momento, a leitura que Foucault faz de Kant na época em que estava escrevendo As Palavras e as Coisas, observando uma tensão entre o projeto crítico e o antropologismo kantiano e, num segundo momento, interroga-se sua relação com Kant a partir de alguns de seus últimos textos, nos quais Foucault procura uma "ontologia do presente".

The aim of this text, derived from an investigation, is to propose a reflection on the future of the university, from the problematization of the neoliberal rationality impact on the forms of knowledge production and organization of academic life. To develop this analysis, the main transformations of the modern university since its advent with the founding of the Berlin University by Wilhelm von Humboldt, in 1810, who created the model of the research university, until the emergence of the neoliberal university model. The purpose of the article is to highlight the rationalities that govern the transformation of the university over time. This historical analysis attempts to demonstrate that no model can be considered natural, absolute, inevitable, non-negotiable, and that and that the university as an institution is inhabited by a mixture of contradictory rationalities. To conclude, the Derrida's essay (2001), is used to show that the uncontested adoption of the neoliberal model can destroy the autonomy of research and teaching that until today characterized the modern university, and compromise its mission in the future.

This paper aims to discuss how the themes of individuality, freedom and education are articulated in Stirner's thought. It begins with a brief history of Stirner's reception. Next, the paper analyzes the subversion of Hegelian dialectics and the critique of Feuerbach's and Marx's atheistic humanism, which remain linked to Christian theology by deifying an abstract human essence. Then, the focus shifts to Stirnerian nominalism and its criticism of God, State, humanity and society as ideological constructs that dominate the concrete individual. Finally, the paper analyzes the proposal of a new ethics and a new education, based on the singularity of the mortal and corporeal self.

The aim of this article is to analyze the semantic change of the German ideal of Bildung in the time of Nietzsche and the reinterpretation that the philosopher proposes of the concept. Bildung is one of the fundamental concepts of modernity in Germany, and in its classical formulation designated a moral imperative of self-improvement of the individual and humanity as a normative ideal. Nietzsche criticized the degradation of this ideal in mere general culture and the cultural philistinism of his time. In its place, Nietzsche proposes a typology of cultures. He reinterprets the concept of culture as a unit of style and the idea of cultivating individuality as a new imperative of the individual who has disengaged himself from traditional morality.

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2001 in the subject Philosophy - General Essays, Eras, grade: 10,0, University of Sao Paulo; Department of philosophy, course: History, language: Portugues, abstract: O objetivo deste livro e fazer uma analise ao mesmo tempo estrutural e cronologica da obra de Foucault, buscando sua logica interna, mostrando o itinerario de seu pensamento, suas etapas de elaboracao, as dificuldades com que se deparou ao longo dessa trajetoria, os conceitos que foram introduzidos, transformados ou abandonados, os seus temas e problemas centrais. O pensamento de Foucault e certamente dinamico, proteiforme, mas possui coerencia interna e ate uma certa sistematicidade. Essa sistematicidade se revela na concatenacao de tres instancias, que realizam, cada uma delas, um deslocamento fundamental na tradicao filosofica: uma nova concepcao da critica, uma nova concepcao do metodo e uma nova concepcao das praticas. Com esses deslocamentos, Foucault reformula a tarefa do pensamento, dando a critica uma nova finalidade e novos recursos. A critica tal como formulada por Kant tinha a funcao de conduzir o homem ao estado de maioridade, libertando-o das ilusoes transcendentais que o aprisionam. Podemos dizer que Foucault submete o projeto critico a uma metamorfose, que o desembaraca dos residuos transcendentais e idealistas que ele ainda carregava em Kant. Uma primeira metamorfose da critica foi realizada pelos ataques de Nietzsche, Freud e Marx, um independentemente do outro. Com o trio de pensadores, a critica deixa de buscar as condicoes formais de possibilidade da experiencia para buscar as suas condicoes reais, o seu a priori concreto e contingente, seja nas formas e relacoes de producao, nas representacoes do inconsciente e do desejo ou na historia da moral. Segundo Foucault, eles teriam criado uma nova hermeneutica, atraves da qual temos que nos interpretar a nos mesmos, como os textos de Nietzsche, Freud e Marx fossem eles proprios hieroglifos a"

This book contains the text of Thomas S. Kuhn's unfinished book, The Plurality of Worlds: An Evolutionary Theory of Scientific Development, which Kuhn himself described as a return to the central claims of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and the problems that it raised but did not resolve. The Plurality of Worlds is preceded by two related texts that Kuhn publicly delivered but never published in English: his paper "Scientific Knowledge as Historical Product" and his Shearman Memorial Lectures, "The Presence of Past Science." An introduction by the editor describes the origins and structure of The Plurality of Worlds and sheds light on its central philosophical problems. Kuhn's aims in his last writings are bold. He sets out to develop an empirically grounded theory of meaning that would allow him to make sense of both the possibility of historical understanding and the inevitability of incommensurability between past and present science. In his view, incommensurability is fully compatible with a robust notion of the real world that science investigates, the rationality of scientific change, and the idea that scientific development is progressive.

The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation (Bil dung) and its Historical Meaning. This article aims at analysing the historical meaning of the German ideal of self-cultivation (Bildung), considering its different uses and interpretations over time. Based on the historical semantics of Reinhart Koselleck and the bibliography on the subject, it reconstructs the core transformations in its semantic structure from the beginnings in the late Middle Ages to its institutionalization in the German school system in the nineteenth century. The development of the ideal of Bildung in Germany is characterised by the tension between its function as means of integration through education and its function as instrument of social distinction. The reflexion on this educational ideal is presented as a counterpoint to some of the contemporary educational practices, based on the imperatives of the market and the neoliberal management of human capital.

The following paper discusses Schiller’s interpretation of the German concept of Bildung. Bildung appears to be a central term in Germany’s culture, especially (but not limited to) the educational realm. As Bildung underwent massive transformations and has been re-interpreted multiple times throughout German history, this paper will start with a definitory exercise trying to organize the dynamics surrounding the term. Secondly, a two-fold historical context – firstly regarding the wider political and social dynamics of the time and secondly, a more biographical approach focusing on Schiller – will be provided. These contextualizing efforts will be succeeded by elaborations on Schiller’s concept of Herzensbildung. The paper closes with a summary of key insights and further potential endeavors.

Due to its discussion of the question of non-being and its intention of grounding the philosophical discourse, Plato ́s dialogue The Sophist occupies a central position in the history of philosophy. The purpose of this article is to relate the definition method used by Plato in the dialogue (the diaeresis) with his conception of philosophical discourse. The different definitions for the sophist proposed in the dialogue are not only part of Plato's polemic against sophistry, but underpin the very Platonic conception of the philosopher and philosophical discourse. While dialectics would be the method employed by the philosopher to arrive at knowledge and wisdom, sophistry would be only an imitation of true knowledge and true wisdom.

Trata-se da tradução de um ensaio clássico publicado por Rudolf Carnap na revista Erkenntnis. A tradução é precedida por um texto de apresentação, que situa o ensaio e sua importância no contexto da filosofia contemporânea e na obra de Carnap. No ensaio, Carnap indica as principais características que distinguem o que ele chama de nova lógica (a lógica simbólica matemática derivada das obras de Frege, Peano e Hilbert, entre outros) da lógica filosófica tradicional e explica a sua importância como novo método do filosofar.