Ali̇ Kara

This study explores the characteristics of source utilization within the literature of Hadith commentary focusing specifically on implicit or uncredited references. In compiling their works, Hadith commentators heavily engaged with the preceding scholarly heritage, referencing their sources through either explicit citations or implicit allusions. These implicit citations invite a methodological inquiry into how intertextual relationships between sources can be uncovered. This study posits that certain instances of implicit source utilization by commentators can be systematically identified. To substantiate this claim, it suggests the application of the intertextuality approach within the specific context of Hadith commentaries. First conceptualized in 1965, intertextuality examines the modes of relation, interaction, transmission, and transformation between texts. Although contemporary, this concept inherently existed within the classical science of rhetoric under various forms. Hadith commentaries constitute a primary genre within the Islamic scholarly tradition where the intertextual method can be effectively employed. In constructing their texts, commentators transmitted the views of preceding scholars to utilize, rephrase, or critique them. However, these transmissions were not always executed via direct citation; at times, they were incorporated through implicit references or without any acknowledgment. This phenomenon underscores the significance of intertextuality in tracing the origins of uncredited attributions. To evaluate this approach, the commentaries of Ibn Abd al-Barr, a seminal figure in the Hadith commentary tradition, are examined. In his commentaries on the Muwatta, he addressed numerous issues central to Hadith sciences, including gharib al-hadith. In the introduction to his commentary, Ibn Abd al-Barr explicitly stated that he would draw upon linguists for lexical explanations. Accordingly, he utilized numerous authorities in gharib al-hadith, showcasing his own linguistic expertise by providing supplementary information or making preferences among transmitted views. Curiously, despite making explicit citations to many names, Ibn Abd al-Barr never mentioned al-Khattabi. This omission is striking because al-Khattabi, besides being recognized as the first Hadith commentator through his commentaries on al-Bukhari and Abu Dawud, served as a foundational source for subsequent commentators in gharib al-hadith due to his profound mastery of the Arabic language. Ibn Battal, a contemporary of Ibn Abd al-Barr, was among the commentators who heavily relied on al-Khattabi, indicating that al-Khattabi’s works reached Andalusia shortly after their composition. Focusing on this problem, this article investigates whether Ibn Abd al-Barr genuinely remained silent toward al-Khattabi. A comparative analysis through the lens of intertextuality reveals that Ibn Abd al-Barr frequently cited al-Khattabi through various implicit references, particularly in lexical analyses. These implicit allusions can be interpreted as a deliberate choice that elucidates his stance toward al-Khattabi. For instance, to diversify viewpoints, he referenced him with expressions like “and others” whereas he utilized references like “some linguists” to indicate views he favored. Similarly, in jurisprudential matters, he used the attribution “some companions of al-Shafi’i” when disagreeing with al-Khattabi, but employed phrases like “someone from among the companions of al-Shafi’i who belongs to the people of critical speculation” for views where they aligned. Another finding indicates that Ibn Abd al-Barr maintained this obscuring attitude toward his contemporary, Ibn Battal, as well, referencing him implicitly as “some among the people of knowledge.” Consequently, obscuring sources was a general scholarly disposition for Ibn Abd al-Barr. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that intertextuality serves as an effective analytical tool for detecting implicit source utilization in Hadith commentary literature, thereby contributing to the re-reading of classical texts and rendering the relational networks among commentators more visible.

Because of their fundamental mission, generating knowledge through research and disseminating it via teaching and publications, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) can serve as a vehicle for enacting new worldviews and approaches for sustainability transformation. This book explores the realised and unrealised potential of HEIs to achieve this, adopting a relationship quality management framework. This involves understanding the sustainability needs, preferences, and behaviours of both internal and external stakeholders to deliver satisfying stakeholder experiences, co-creating and communicating sustainable value, thereby fostering stakeholder trust and long-term commitment. This book presents relationship quality management concepts and tools for identifying and transforming stakeholder sustainability needs into action for the benefit of HEI’s sustainability transformation. It includes practical insights into the application of relationship quality management tools such as Kano-analysis, the measurement of perceived service quality in higher education (HEdPERF), stakeholder and materiality matrix, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), or the Net Promoter Score (NPS) for assessing HEI customer satisfaction and referral behaviour. It will be of great interest to scholars and students, as well as HEI employees working on sustainability strategy and stakeholder engagement.

Business ethics has become a very important concern in global business and understanding the effects of various factors on ethical judgments continues to attract research and practitioner attention. Using the Multidimensional Ethics Scale with its five generally accepted philosophical constructs, and vignettes developed by Cohen et al., current study investigates the relationship between cultural values, personality, religiosity and the ethical sensitivity of business students. We focus on a rapidly emerging country, Turkey, whose economic environment is similar to that of the most Western nations but with a significantly different background and cultural values. Data for the study is collected from a major university in the southeastern Turkey. Although some significant relationships are identified between ethical sensitivity and cultural values and personality, our study findings confirm that MES dimensions had the highest influence on ethical sensitivity levels of business students.

The article examines the views of the prominent Russian politician and publicist Vasily Vitalyevich Shulgin, whom the author considers to be the largest ideologist of the “chieftain” political subculture in Russian political culture. Following Shulgin, the author distinguishes two fundamentally different models of power: “monarchical” type of power and “chieftain” type of power. V.V. Shulgin was one of the first Russian thinkers who, after Alexander Pushkin and Sergei Solovyov, considered the “golden age” of the Russian society to be under the rule of “leaders-heroes”. Shulgin explained many of the problems of Russian statehood revealed in the early 20th century by the degradation of the Russian ruling class and specifically the Romanov dynasty. Under these conditions, the national leader P.A. Stolypin, able to bring the country out of crisis by evolution, had appeared “next to the monarch,” but he has not been appreciated by Russian society and it has caused a national catastrophe. The First World War has accelerated the degradation of the Russian government. The “democratic forces” that came to power in Russia for a short time could not nominate a new “leader” from their ranks. Shulgin foresaw that “intermediate figures” like the White generals or the Red diarchy of Lenin and Trotsky would eventually give way to the autocratic rule of an all-Russian “Chief,” who would combine the ideology of the Whites and the will of the Reds.