Aminah Hasan

The term ‘near-death experience’ (NDE) refers to particular encounters reported by individuals who have been revived from the brink of death. The narratives provided by such individuals exhibit a core set of characteristics that are consistent across diverse populations. Although this suggests that NDEs may offer valuable insights into our understanding of the world, many scientists hold the view that NDEs do not provide genuine insight into reality. What underlies this scepticism? Two answers might be given. Either they question the authenticity of these experiences, or they contend that there is nothing theoretically new that remains for which NDEs are evidence. In this paper, we argue that none of them has been the case. We initially demonstrate that these phenomena meet the standards that science typically considers essential for being an explanandum. For the rest, the philosophy of science can offer valuable assistance. According to the version of scientific realism proposed by Lipton and Bird, unless we have the best explanation of an explanandum, we fail to understand it. Therefore, our task is to scrutinize the proclaimed scientific theories explaining NDEs and see if any of them is the best. To this aim, after explicating Bird’s and Lipton’s criteria of the best explanation, we show that none of the explanations put forth in the literature satisfy the criteria. This shows that science can claim neither to be explaining NDEs nor understanding them. This diagnosis also leads to an important philosophical result. As science fails in explaining and understanding NDEs, we remain unjustified in describing them within scientific metaphysics. That being the case, metaphysical debates in this particular field remain within ordinary philosophy.

The following paper brings together the history of the Atlantic slave trade in the seventeenth century and Hugo Grotius’s treatment of slavery, war, and trade in the De iure belli ac pacis. In this paper I focus on the practices of slave raids during the trade in the 1630s through the 1640s in Central and West Africa. The practice of slave raids was often described and categorized by both Africans and Europeans as war or acts of war. I argue that given Grotius’s depictions of a solemn war, it is difficult to legally distinguish an intent to enslave in a raid from an act of war against an enemy nation.