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16 The Devil, the Virgin, and the EnvoyIn Otfried Höffe (ed.), Immanuel Kant, Die Religion Innerhalb der Grenzen der Blossen Vernunft, Akademie Verlag. pp. 111-129. 2011.
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1Real Repugnance and our Ignorance of Things-in-Themselves: A Lockean Problem in Kant and HegelIn Jürgen Stolzenberg, Fred Rush & Karl P. Ameriks (eds.), Glaube Und Vernunft. / Faith and Reason, De Gruyter. pp. 135-159. 2010.
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Kant's panentheism : the possibility proof of 1763 and its fate in the critical periodIn Ina Goy (ed.), Kant on Proofs for God's Existence, De Gruyter. 2023.
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Hopeful pessimism : the Kantian mind at the end of all thingsIn Katerina Mihaylova & Anna Ezekiel (eds.), Hope and the Kantian Legacy: New Contributions to the History of Optimism, Bloomsbury Academic. 2023.
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4Knowledge, Anxiety, Hope: How Kant’s First and Third Questions RelateIn Camilla Serck-Hanssen & Beatrix Himmelmann (eds.), The Court of Reason: Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress, De Gruyter. pp. 127-150. 2021.
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10God and the Ethics of BeliefIn Andrew Dole & Andrew Chignell (eds.), God and the Ethics of Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Festschrift for Nicholas Wolterstorff), Cambridge University Press. 2005.Festschrift in honor of one of our teachers, Nicholas Wolterstorff.
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9Hope, Wish, and Pessimism in Moellendorf's Mobilizing HopeEnvironmental Ethics 46 (2): 191-198. 2024.
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67Doğal Teoloji ve Doğal Din (Stanford Felsefe Ansiklopedisi)Öncül Analitik Felsefe Dergisi. 2024.“Doğal din” terimi, bazen doğanın kendisinin ilahi olduğu bir panteistik doktrine atıfta bulunur. “Doğal teoloji” terimi ise aksine, başlangıçta gözlemlenen doğal gerçekler temelinde (ve bazen) Tanrı’nın varlığını savunmaya yönelik projeye atıfta bulunur. Bununla birlikte çağdaş felsefede, hem “doğal din” hem de “doğal teoloji” genel olarak, dinî veya teolojik konuları araştırmak için insana, “doğal” olan bilişsel yetilerini – akıl, algı, içgözlem- kullanma projesini ifade eder. Doğal din veya t…Read more
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153For What May the Aesthete Hope? Focus and Standstill in “The Unhappiest One” and “Rotation of Crops”In Ryan S. Kemp & Walter Wietzke (eds.), Kierkegaard's _Either/Or_: A Critical Guide, Cambridge. pp. 42-61. 2023.In this chapter, we argue that a distinct concept of “aesthetic hope” emerges from the way Kierkegaard’s Aesthete treats hope [Haab] and its relationship to recollection [Erindring] in “The Unhappiest One” and “Rotation of Crops.” We first show that aesthetic hope is distinct from the two other kinds of hope discussed by Kierkegaard: temporal hope and eternal hope. We then consider the suggestion that aesthetic hope is also an expression of despair – an inverse hope against hope, which seeks to …Read more
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11The Devil, the Virgin, and the Envoy. Symbols of Moral Struggle in Religion, Part Two, Section TwoIn Otfried Höffe (ed.), Immanuel Kant: Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft, De Gruyter. pp. 99-116. 2023.
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50Natural Theology and Natural ReligionStanford Encylopedia of Philosophy. 2020.The term “natural religion” is sometimes taken to refer to a pantheistic doctrine according to which nature itself is divine. “Natural theology”, by contrast, originally referred to (and still sometimes refers to)[1] the project of arguing for the existence of God on the basis of observed natural facts. In contemporary philosophy, however, both “natural religion” and “natural theology” typically refer to the project of using all of the cognitive faculties that are “natural” to human beings—reaso…Read more
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18Kinds and Origins of EvilStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2021.Unde malum? What is evil—if it is anything at all—and whence does it arise? Is evil just badness by another name? Is it the inevitable “shadow side” of the good? Or is it more substantial: an active, striving force that is opposed to the good in a Star Wars, Manichean kind of way? Does evil always originate in the causal powers of nature? Is it sometimes based in the choices of moral agents? Or, perhaps most disturbingly, does evil sometimes have its source in something non-human and impersonal—…Read more
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107Evil: An IntroductionIn Evil: A History (Oxford Philosophical Concepts), Oxford University Press. pp. 1-17. 2019.
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208Evil, Unintelligiblity, Radicality: Footnotes to a Correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Karl JaspersIn Evil: A History (Oxford Philosophical Concepts), Oxford University Press. pp. 18-42. 2019.This chapter articulates two concerns that Karl Jaspers raised (with Hannah Arendt) about the common practice of viewing moral evil as unintelligible. The first is that this involves exoticizing the act and/or perpetrator in such a way that moral condemnation becomes difficult. The second is that it can lead us to treat the perpetrator, place, or victim as tainted or stained by a force whose motives we cannot grasp; this in turn can lead to magical thinking about evil as somehow contagious or co…Read more
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575Kant on the Highest Good and Moral ArgumentsIn Andrew Stephenson & Anil Gomes (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Kant, Oxford University Press. forthcoming.Kant’s accounts of the Highest Good and the moral argument for God and immortality are central features of his philosophy. But both involve lingering puzzles. In this entry, we first explore what the Highest Good is for Kant and the role it plays in a complete account of ethical life. We then focus on whether the Highest Good involves individuals only, or whether it also connects with Kant’s doctrines about the moral progress of the species. In conclusion, we look into three ways of articulatin…Read more
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556Demoralization and Hope: A Psychological Reading of Kant’s Moral ArgumentThe Monist 106 (1): 46-60. 2023.Kant’s “primacy of the practical” doctrine says that we can form morally justified commitments regarding what exists, even in the absence of sufficient epistemic grounds. In this paper I critically examine three different varieties of Kant’s “moral proof” that can be found in the critical works. My claim is that the third variety—the “moral-psychological argument” based in the need to sustain moral hope and avoid demoralization—has some intriguing advantages over the other two. It starts with a …Read more
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339Kant's One-World Phenomenalism: How the Moral Features AppearIn Schafer Karl & Stang Nicholas (eds.), The Sensible and Intelligible Worlds: New Essays on Kant's Metaphysics and Epistemology, Oxforrd University Press. pp. 337-359. 2022.The goal of this paper is to sketch an account of Kant’s signature metaphysical doctrine (transcendental idealism) that (a) has no supporters – as far as I am aware – in the contemporary literature, and (b) draws its primary motivation (as interpretation) from considerations regarding our practical situation and needs as agents. The consideration I focus on here is that people not only have mental and moral features, but they also appear to us – in our daily experience – to have such features: …Read more
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279Inefficacy, Despair, and Difference-Making: A Secular Application of Kant's Moral ArgumentIn Luigi Caranti & Alessandro Pinzani (eds.), Kant and the Problem of Morality: Rethinking the Contemporary World, Routledge Chapman & Hall. pp. 47-72. 2022.Those of us who enjoy certain products of the global industrial economy but also believe it is wrong to consume them are often so demoralized by the apparent inefficacy of our individual, private choices that we are unable to resist. Although he was a deontologist, Kant was clearly aware of this ‘consequent-dependent’ side of our moral psychology. One version of his ‘moral proof’ is designed to respond to the threat of such demoralization in pursuit of the Highest Good. That version of the argum…Read more
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505Kant's Panentheism: The Possibility Proof of 1763 and Its Fate in the Critical PeriodIn Ina Goy (ed.), Kant on Proofs for God's Existence, De Gruyter. 2023.This chapter discusses Kant's 1763 "possibility proof" for the existence of God. I first provide a reconstruction of the proof in its two stages, and then revisit my earlier argument according to which the being the proof delivers threatens to be a Spinozistic-panentheistic God—a being whose properties include the entire spatio-temporal universe—rather than the traditional, ontologically distinct God of biblical monotheism. I go on to evaluate some recent alternative readings that have sought …Read more
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192Hopeful Pessimism: The Kantian Mind at the End of All ThingsIn Katerina Mihaylova & Anna Ezekiel (eds.), Hope and the Kantian Legacy: New Contributions to the History of Optimism, Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 35-52. 2023.
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826The Focus Theory of HopePhilosophical Quarterly 73 (1): 44-63. 2023.Most elpistologists now agree that hope for a specific outcome involves more than just desire plus the presupposition that the outcome is possible. This paper argues that the additional element of hope is a disposition to focus on the desired outcome in a certain way. I first survey the debate about the nature of hope in the recent literature, offer objections to some important competing accounts, and describe and defend the view that hope involves a kind of focus or attention. I then suggest th…Read more
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482Kant, Wood and Moral ArgumentsKantian Review 27 (1): 61-70. 2022.In this article I discuss the moral-coherence reading of Kant’s moral argument offered by Allen Wood in his recent book _Kant and Religion_, display some of the challenges that it faces and suggest that a moral-psychological formulation is preferable.
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486Knowledge, Anxiety, Hope: How Kant’s First and Third Questions Relate (Keynote address)In Beatrix Himmelmann & Camilla Serck-Hanssen (eds.), The Court of Reason: Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress, De Gruyter. pp. 127-149. 2021.
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354Philosophy of Religion in Modern European Thought 1600-1800The Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion. 2021.The early modern period (roughly, 1600–1800 ce) in Europe brought tremendous changes in intellectual, political, and cultural life. It was a period in which philosophical debates were inevitably bound up with questions about the nature and sources of religious truth. A chronological examination of some of the period’s major thinkers highlights two issues that were central to the development of philosophy of religion in the period. The first concerns the relations between God, the soul, and the b…Read more
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765Kantian Fallibilism: Knowledge, Certainty, DoubtMidwest Studies in Philosophy 45 99-128. 2021.For Kant, knowledge involves certainty. If “certainty” requires that the grounds for a given propositional attitude guarantee its truth, then this is an infallibilist view of epistemic justification. Such a view says you can’t have epistemic justification for an attitude unless the attitude is also true. Here I want to defend an alternative fallibilist interpretation. Even if a subject has grounds that would be sufficient for knowledge if the proposition were true, the proposition might not be t…Read more
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426Hope and Despair at the Kantian Chicken Factory: Moral Arguments about Making a DifferenceIn John J. Callanan & Lucy Allais (eds.), Kant and Animals, Oxford University Press. pp. 213-238. 2020.
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550Liturgical Philosophy of Religion: An Untimely Manifesto on Sincerity, Acceptance, and HopeIn M. David Eckel, Allen Speight & Troy DuJardin (eds.), The Future of the Philosophy of Religion, Springer. pp. 73-94. 2021.This loosely-argued manifesto contains some suggestions regarding what the philosophy of religion might become in the 21st century. It was written for a brainstorming workshop over a decade ago, and some of the recommendations and predictions it contains have already been partly actualized (that’s why it is now a bit "untimely"). The goal is to sketch three aspects of a salutary “liturgical turn” in philosophy of religion. (Note: “liturgy” here refers very broadly to communal religious service…Read more
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26Georges Dicker, Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Analytical Introduction (review)Philosophical Review 116 (2): 307-309. 2007.
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64The Many Faces of Transcendental Realism: Willaschek on Kant’s DialecticKantian Review 25 (2): 279-293. 2020.After providing a brief overview of Marcus Willaschek's Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics, I critically reconstruct his account of ‘transcendental realism’ and the role that it plays in the dramatic narrative of the Critique of Pure Reason. I then lay out in detail how Willaschek generates and evaluates various versions of transcendental realism and raise some concerns about each. Next, I look at precisely how Willaschek's Kant thinks we can avoid applying the ‘supreme’ dialectical principle to…Read more
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