Antoni Abat Ninet

If you ask ChatGPT what the European Union social contract is, the answer is a very long, not very concise, and exclusively normative answer, no mention to symbology or imaginary is done. The artificial intelligence responds to the answer as probably most citizens and many academics would. However, this article argues that the social contract, as an epistemological construction, transcends this exclusively normative perspective; moreover, it carries a symbolic and ideological weight that explains its use and abuse to gain an extra dose of legitimacy, obedience, or to reinforce specific political or dogmatic postulates. My argument will be as follows. In the first section, I will review the epistemological construction of social contracts and its constitutive elements. Starting with a historical perspective, I draw from this analysis to suggest a notion of the pact of association updated to our time. The exposition of these theories, from the embryonic understanding of social contracts to current theories, highlight concrete elements that I believe are still constitutive social contract theories and may help envision a democratically participated and decided social contract. Then, I will turn to the case of the European Union by examining the prenormative debates and narratives from its origins to present times, remarking solidarity and fear as leitmotifs of the progressive process of union between previously contentious states. Finally, I end by analysing the need to consider our reality and the way we communicate and decide in the Artificial Intelligence era to frame the new social contract theories.

This chapter deals with the process of constitutionalization of human dignity in Denmark, which is a non-written constitutional principle introduced in Danish domestic system, in its modern form, by international norms and the communitarian acquis. It follows exanimating Danish case law related with the clusters of rights enshrined in the EU charter that normatively define the concept of human dignity. The chapter focuses on the repercussions of the amendment of the Danish Aliens Act to asylum seekers, migrants and refugees, and Danish Supreme ruling on two extradition cases of Romanian convicted citizens. The final section is a conclusion that links the case analyzed with the candidacy of Denmark presented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for a seat at the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2019–2021 that emphasizes human dignity as one of the main goals to be promoted.

The present article commences analyzing the origins and influences of the religious discourse on the configuration of the modern constitutional discourse and the contributions of the jus-positivism in the consolidation of this sacred-civil language. The second issue is the definition of the U.S. Constitution as a mixed and not as a democratic constitution, with regard to the influences of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Polybius to the Drafters of the first modern constitutional text; stability and equilibrium took preference over democracy in a wide sense. I also analyze how the Drafter’s decision has conditioned the modern constitutional system up to the present.