Antonio Marcus Dos Santos

O presente artigo analisa implicações entre a modernização das sociedades e a crise ambiental, com base na Teoria Social de Jürgen Habermas, que compreende o desenvolvimento das sociedades como processo de diferenciação entre o Mundo da Vida e Sistema, mediante a aprendizagem dos sujeitos, tanto na dimensão instrumental, quanto na dimensão comunicativa, em uma perspectiva alternativa em relação à proposta de Max Weber, que prioriza em sua análise a racionalidade instrumental. Inicialmente, são analisados os conceitos de sujeito e subjetividade, a fim de apresentar a proposta habermasiana de uma “racionalidade comunicativa”. Na sequência, serão analisados os constructos teóricos “trabalho”, “interação”, “mundo da vida” e “sistema”, centrais na teoria social habermasiana. Por fim, serão apresentadas as ideias de Habermas sobre o desenvolvimento das sociedades em sua dupla dimensão e suas consequências para compreensão da crise ambiental contemporânea.

This essay analyses the Historical Evolution of Hong Kong, from the colonial period to the return to China sovereignty in 1997, according to the political philosophy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, and the principle “one country, two systems”, which means that Hong Kong is part of China and enjoys a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence policy, as stipulated by the Basic Law of The Hong Kong Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The political system implemented in HKSAR corresponds to the matrix of the People’s Republic of China, but its economic base and legal system remained untouched in essence; an extreme model of liberal capitalism, deregulated and functioning on the margins of international law, with deep social inequalities, millions of new poor (workers and students in a situation of necessity) and a serious problem of access to housing. This essay analyses the political nature of the conflict around the extraction laws, distinguishing internal causes, and external interferences. At least, this essay analyses the system of political representation of HKSAR, the government program to overcome crisis and the new legislation after crisis. Keywords: history, one country, two systems, paradox, HKSAR, fallacies

El artículo aborda las distintas vertientes de la reflexión de Montoro que tributan a sus concepciones acerca de la condición humana. En este sentido recibe tratamiento su noción de la libertad imbricada al liberalismo político y económico, así como su optimismo histórico revelado en la confianza, en el porvenir y el progreso. Asimismo recibe atención su enfoque de la historia, las ciencias y la filosofía, entre otras zonas de la meditación. Desde una perspectiva desacralizadora el estudio demuestra la contribución del pensador a la herencia cultural y política de la nación cubana, la que a su vez enriquece la tendencia humanista y desalienadora que tipifica la historia del pensamiento latinoamericano.This article deals with the different aspects of Montoro' s reflections on the human condition. It deals mainly with his notion of liberty as related to political and economic liberalism, as well as his historical optimism as revealed in his confidence in the future and in progress. Also highlighted are his approach to history, the sciences, philosophy and other subjects. From an uncompromising position the study demonstrates the author's contribution to the political and cultural heritage of the Cuban nation, which in itself enriches the humanist and anti-alienation tendencies of Latin American thought