Artchil Fernandez

The paper offers an explanation why Duterte won the election in 2016 and how his phenomenal rise can be accounted. Some scholars on Philippine politics attribute the rise of Duterte to the failure of liberal democracy. On the other hand, this paper argues that “failure of liberal democracy” explanation merely scratches the surface of the question and does not address the source of the failure. Gramsci’s notion of passive revolution this paper maintains point to the root of the failures of the liberal democratic regimes established after EDSA People Power revolt in 1986. The main contention of the paper is Duterte is a product of passive revolution. If Italy swung to fascism in the 1920s, this paper asserts Philippines in 2016 turned to Dutertismo.

We characterize the sets of all Π2 and all equation image theorems of IΠ−1 in terms of restricted exponentiation, and use these characterizations to prove that both sets are not deductively equivalent. We also discuss how these results generalize to n > 0. As an application, we prove that a conservation theorem of Beklemishev stating that IΠ−n + 1 is conservative over IΣ−n with respect to equation image sentences cannot be extended to Πn + 2 sentences. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

In this paper we continue the study of the theories IΔ n+1 (T), initiated in [7]. We focus on the quantifier complexity of these fragments and theirs (non)finite axiomatization. A characterization is obtained for the class of theories such that IΔ n+1 (T) is Π n+2 –axiomatizable. In particular, IΔ n+1 (IΔ n+1 ) gives an axiomatization of Th Π n+2 (IΔ n+1 ) and is not finitely axiomatizable. This fact relates the fragment IΔ n+1 (IΔ n+1 ) to induction rule for Δ n+1 –formulas. Our arguments, involving a construction due to R. Kaye (see [9]), provide proofs of Parsons’ conservativeness theorem (see [16]) and (a weak version) of a result of L.D. Beklemishev on unnested applications of induction rules for Π n+2 and Δ n+1 formulas (see [2])

For a theory T, we study relationships among IΔ n +1 (T), LΔ n+1 (T) and B * Δ n+1 (T). These theories are obtained restricting the schemes of induction, minimization and (a version of) collection to Δ n+1 (T) formulas. We obtain conditions on T (T is an extension of B * Δ n+1 (T) or Δ n+1 (T) is closed (in T) under bounded quantification) under which IΔ n+1 (T) and LΔ n+1 (T) are equivalent. These conditions depend on Th Πn +2 (T), the Π n+2 –consequences of T. The first condition is connected with descriptions of Th Πn +2 (T) as IΣ n plus a class of nondecreasing total Π n –functions, and the second one is related with the equivalence between Δ n+1 (T)–formulas and bounded formulas (of a language extending the language of Arithmetic). This last property is closely tied to a general version of a well known theorem of R. Parikh. Using what we call Π n –envelopes we give uniform descriptions of the previous classes of nondecreasing total Π n –functions. Π n –envelopes are a generalization of envelopes (see [10]) and are closely related to indicators (see [12]). Finally, we study the hierarchy of theories IΔ n+1 (IΣ m ), m≥n, and prove a hierarchy theorem

The paper attempts to explore the possibility of using Durkheim to understand the Gramscian notion of hegemony building on the claim that Gramsci’s idea is fragmentary and contentious. Durkheim’s concepts such as social solidarity, integration, rites and collective conscience the paper argues maybe deployed to comprehend Gramsci’s notion of hegemony particularly consent generation. The paper also contends that Durkheim’s ideas on the state and secondary groups voluntary organizations (civil society) may be helpful in explaining the Gramscian concept of consent building. In effect, the paper also tries to demonstrate that sociological positions that are viewed as rivals can complement each other. Sociologists should do more explorations in areas of convergence rather than divergence of sociological positions.