Atikur Rahman

The question of whether the cosmos has a finite beginning or an infinite past remains a central issue in both philosophy and contemporary cosmology. This study investigates the metaphysical and physical plausibility of a past-eternal universe by integrating philosophical analysis with conceptual examination of modern cosmological models. Employing qualitative philosophical methodology and critical analysis of theoretical physics, the paper evaluates temporal ontology (Atheory and B-theory), the implications of special relativity, and paradoxes associated with actual infinities, including Thomson’s Lamp and a formalized infinite traversal analogy. The analysis argues that an actual infinite temporal regress generates logical and metaphysical difficulties, particularly under a dynamic conception of temporal becoming. Furthermore, the paper examines the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker model, the Hawking–Penrose singularity theorems, and the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, assessing their implications for past completeness. While certain speculative models attempt to avoid a temporal boundary, they remain mathematically constrained and philosophically contentious. The study concludes that both metaphysical reasoning and contemporary cosmology provide convergent support for the thesis that the cosmos is temporally finite and had a definite beginning.

For a large period of time in biology, it was thought that only 1-2% of the entire human DNA carries protein-making signals, and the remaining 98% of DNA does not carry protein-making signals. They were called junk DNA or non-coding DNA. The Encode Project began in 2003 to explore the function of the remaining 98% of human DNA in the context of human genome research. From the ENCODE project of 2007 and 2012, we know that about 80% of the DNA in the human body is not junk. The subsequent criticisms of the Encode project have been numerous. But no matter the criticism, the results of the Encode Project have always proved true. In this paper I will evaluate the result of Encode project for the case of junk Dna in the light of philosophy of biology.

In a recent paper published in 2020, Alex Malpass & Wes Morriston discuss the difference between beginningless past and an endless future and try to show that beginningless series of past events and an endless series of future ones are in the same boat. So if (as they believe) an endless series of events is possible, then the possibility of a beginningless series of past events should not be rejected merely on the ground that it would be an actual infinite. I will show in this paper that Malpass and Morriston’s refutations are flawed and that their argument does not provide any evidence that a beginningless past is possible.

Biology has improved a lot over the centuries. The success of developmental biology is huge in every field of physiology, anatomy, paleontology, embryology. The term homology has not been used in biology for a long time. The need for homology in biology is understandable. I have discussed in this paper the necessity of homology in the field of biology and argued that it is unreasonable to refer to homology as evidence of Darwinism, both philosophically and biologically. This paper evaluates homology in the light of the philosophy of biology as evidence for evolution.

One of the common claims of the eternalists is that the "actual" infinite is possible and the universe is eternal. They are trying to refute the Kalam argument. What I wanted to show in this paper is that the "actual" infinite is impossible for logical reasons, and I have shown further that infinity has an effect and application over time, and that there is no way to deny the beginning of the universe for existence. The paper points out the problems of infinity and points to the beginning of the universe.