Bernard Freydberg

This book addresses the breach within contemporary philosophy with a newly conceived foundationalism. It shows that dramatic discord has arisen between its two dominant branches. The Anglo-American branch generally takes its departure from logic and from natural science, while the Continental branch generally takes its departure from art and from the great traditional questions. However, they share this common negative feature: each side denies the view that philosophy issues from a central foundation. The book gives brief distillations of six major Anglo-American figures: Carnap, James, Quine, Davidson and Kripke; as well as six major Continental figures: Husserl (the only foundationalist), Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Derrida, Gadamer, and Sallis. In each, the author discovers a hidden foundation called ruling image that animates the philosopher's thought.

Gramsci and the Italian State. By Richard Bellamy and Darrow Schecter (Manchester and New York Manchester University Press, 1993), xvi + 203 pp. Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588. By Wallace MacCaffrey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), x + 530 pp. Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. By Wallace MacCaffrey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), xvi + 592 pp. Figures on the Horizon. Edited by Jerrold Seigel (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1993), xix + 278 pp. £29.50, $53.00 cloth. Logomachia: The Conflict of the Faculties. Edited by Richard Rand (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), xii + 218 pp., £27.00 cloth, £11.95 paper. The Origins of French Art Criticism from the Anden Régime to the Restoration. By Richard Wrigley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), xii + 427 pp. The Madness of Kings: Personal Trauma and the Fate of Nations. By Vivian Green (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), xiii + 322 pp., $35.00 cloth. The Conservative Imagination. By Philip Thody (London: Pinter, 1993), xi + 179 pp., cloth. The Longman Companion to Cold War and Détente 1941–91. By John W. Young (London and New York: Longman Higher Educational, 1993), 360 pp., £11.99 paper. The Colloquy of Montbéliard: Religion and Politics in the Sixteenth Century. By Jill Raitt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiv + 226 pp., £40.00 Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. By Robert Wuthnow (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993; first published, 1989), 739 pp., $29.95 paper. Xenophon Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary. By Sarah B. Pomeroy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), xii + 388 pp., $50.00 The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader. Edited by Richard Wolin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993), xx + 315 pp., $16.95 paper. Biblical Theocracy: A Vision of the Biblical Foundations for a Christian Political Philosophy. By Stephen Palmquist (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1993), 193 pp., HK $35.00, US $4.50 paper. Considerations sur la France. By Joseph De Maistre, trans, and edited by Richard A. LeBrun; introduction by Isaiah Berlin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xlii + 132 pp., £30.00/$49.95 cloth, £12.95/$16.95 paper. Machiavellian Rhetoric. By Victoria Kahn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), xv + 314 pp., $29.95, £23.50 cloth. Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre et les Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale: Correspondance, vol. 1, 1928–1933. Edited by Bertrand Müller (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1994), lx + 551pp., FF240. Kant's Transcendental Psychology. By Patricia Kitcher (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 296 pp. The End of the Salon: Art and the State in the Early Third Republic. By Patricia Mainardi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ix + 210 pp., $18.95/£12.95 paper. Aristotle on the Goals and Exactness of Ethics. By Georgios Anagnostopoulos (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), xiii + 468 pp., $50.00 cloth. A Treatise of Orders and Plain Dignities. By Charles Loyseau, edited and trans, by Howell A. Lloyd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xlviii + 255 pp., $59.95 and £40.00 cloth, $22.95 and £14.95 paper. The Philosophy of Childhood. By Gareth B. Matthews (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 136 pp., $18.95 cloth. Reading Heidegger from the Start: Essays in His Earliest Thought. Edited by Theodore Kisiel and John van Buren (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 480 + ix pp., $74.50 cloth, $24.95 paper. Dante and the Mystical Tradition: Bernard of Clairvaux in the Commedia. By Stephen Botterill, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), x + 269 pp., £37.50 and $59.95. The Boundaries of Modern Iran. Edited by Keith McLachlan, SOAS Geopolitics Series 2 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994, ix + 150 pp., $49.95 cloth. New French Thought: Political Philosophy. Edited by Mark Lilla (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) 239 pp., $45.00 cloth; $14.95 paper. Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean. By Irad Malkin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xvii + 278 pp., £37.50 and $59.95 cloth. The Interpretation of Order: A Study in the Poetics of Homeric Repetition. By Ahuvia Kahane (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), xi + 190 pp., £25.00 cloth. History and Tropology: The Rise and Fall of Metaphor. By Frank R. Ankersmit (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), vii + 244 pp., $40.00 cloth. Anglo‐Irish: The Literary Imagination in a Hyphenated Culture. By Julian Moynahan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), xiii + 288 pp., $24.95 cloth. The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes. Edited by Noel Malcolm, 2 vols. 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By Otto of Freising, trans, and edited by Charles Mierow (Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 366 pp., $16.95 paper. In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life. By Robert Kegan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), viii + 396 pp., $29.95 cloth. Tudor Political Culture. Edited by Dale Hoak (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), xxiii +310 pp., £45.00 Reconstructing the Subject: Modernist Painting in Western Germany, 1945–1950. By Yule F. Heibel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 207 pp., $45.00, £33.50 cloth. The Uses of the University, 4th ed. By Clark Kerr (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), xv + 220 pp., $15.95 paper. The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science. By John Dupré (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 308 pp., paper. The Stop. By David Appelbaum (Albany: State University of New York Press, New York, 1995), xi + 154 pp., $14.95 paper. Walter Benjamin's Passages. By Pierre Missac, trans. Shierry Weber Nicholson (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 233 pp., $25.00 cloth. Spinoza: The Enduring Questions. Edited by Graeme Hunter. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), xviii +182 pp., North American $70.00, Europe $78.00, UK £45.50 cloth. Adultery and Divorce in Calvin's Geneva. By Robert M. Kingdon (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), ix + 214 pp., $29.95 cloth, $14.95 paper. Falsehood Disguised: Unmasking the Truth in La Rochefoucauld. By Richard G. Hodgson. (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995), xiii + 175 pp., £28.50. Nietzsche and the Modern Crisis of the Humanities. By Peter Levine (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), xxi + 279 pp., $18.95 cloth. Science and Culture: Popular and Philosophical Essays. By Herman von Helmholtz, ed. David Cahan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), xviii + 418 pp., $52.00 cloth, $17.00 paper.

This provocative reassessment of modern philosophy explores its nonrational dimensions and connection to ancient mysteries. Delving beneath the principal discourses of philosophyfrom Descartes through Kant, Bernard Freydberg plumbs the previously concealed dark forces that ignite the inner power of modern thought. He contends that reason itself issues from an implicit and unconscious suppression of the nonrational. Even the modern philosophical concerns of nature and limits are undergirded by a dark side that dwells in them and makes them possible. Freydberg traces these dark sources to the poetry of Hesiod, the fragments of Heraclitus and Parmenides, and the Platonic dialogues and claims that they rear their heads again in the work of Spinoza, Schelling, and Nietzsche. Freydberg does not set forth a critique of modern philosophy but explores its intrinsic continuity with its ancient roots.

ABSTRACT The “Socratic method” seems to be well understood in general to mean some sort of “question and answer” procedure as distinguished from “lecturing.” Law schools are familiar sites for its so-called practice, and the Platonic dialogues are believed to provide models of it. However, Socrates himself never speaks of having a method except in one place in the Phaedo – where it has nothing to do with “question and answer.” The Greeks had a clear word for method, “methodos,” and Socrates applies it once and once only. He calls his method “eike phuro,” random mixing. In this paper, I shall attempt to bring this method together with the myths, jokes, and very long discourses with which the dialogues are replete.

The vastly underrated Plutus receives at least some of its due in this paper. At its beginning, I attempt to locate Plutus within both the Hegelian discourse on comedy and within Hume's poetical and philosophical fictions. Employing the same method of close textual analysis that I employed in Philosophy and Comedy: Aristophanes, Logos, and Eros, I focus upon the thoroughgoing materialism of the poor farmer Chremylus who laments the unjust distribution of wealth, and who seeks to restore the god's sight so as to obtain a large amount of the wealth he lacks. The critical section of the play occurs in an exchange with Poverty or Need, who is depicted as an ugly hag but who speaks beautifully. Aristophanic music subtly sings the glory of need as the spur to all that is good in human actions, as it mocks wealth as a standard of human worth.

The fundamental task of philosophy since the seventeenth century has been to determine whether the essential principles of both knowledge and action can be discovered by human beings unaided by an external agency. No one philosopher contributed more to this enterprise than Kant, whose Critique of Pure Reason (1781) shook the very foundations of the intellectual world. Kant argued that the basic principles of the natural science are imposed on reality by human sensibility and understanding, and thus that human beings are also free to impose their own free and rational agency on the world. This volume is the only systematic and comprehensive account of the full range of Kant's writings available, and the first major overview of his work to be published in more than a dozen years. An internationally recognised team of Kant scholars explore Kant's conceptual revolution in epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, moral and political philosophy, aesthetics, and the philosophy of religion

The Kerygma of the Wilderness Traditions in the Hebrew Bible examines biblical writers' use of the wilderness traditions in the books of Exodus and Numbers, Deuteronomy, the Prophets, and the Writings to express their beliefs in God and their understandings of the community's relationship to God. Kerygma is the proclamation of God's actions with the purpose of affirming faith/or appealing to an obedient response from the community. The experiences of the wilderness community, who rebelled and refused to live according to God's purposes, serve as a polemic against disbelief in God and the refusal to embrace Israel's religious heritage. In the Writings, more than in the Prophets, the wilderness traditions are remembered with a notable resemblance to the traditions in Exodus and Numbers, which reflects a heightened interest in the ancient traditions in the closing turbulent period of Israelite history. Recollections of Israel's beginnings in the wilderness address problems associated with faith, obedience, and ultimately, the nature of the Israelite community.

Mind and World. By John McDowell. 191 pp. n.p.g. Art and the French Commune: Imagining Paris after War and Revolution. By Albert Boime The Princeton Series in Nineteenth‐Century Art, Culture and Society xv + 234 pp. $19.95, £14.95 paper. Individual Choice and the Structures of History: Alexis de Tocqueville as Historian Reappraised. By Harvey Mitchell 290 pp. $54.95, £35.00 cloth. Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory. By Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, 2d ed.. 190pp., $12.95 paper. The European Commission: Leadership, Organisation and Culture in the EU Administration. By Michelle Cini xii + 244 pp $24.95 cloth. The Medieval Cult of Saints: Formations and Transformations. By Barbara Abou‐El‐Haj, xviii + 456 pp. £18.95 paperback. Between Tradition and Modernity: Haim Zhitlowski, Simon Dubnow, Ahad Ha‐Am, and the Shaping of Modern Jewish Identity. By David H. Weinberg, x + 385 pp., n.p.g. Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth‐century England. By Kevin Gilmartin Cambridge Studies in Romanticism 21, pp. xiv and 274. $59.95/£35.00 cloth. Social Functions of Literature: Alexander Pushkin and Russian Culture. By Paul Debreczeny xvi + 282 pp. £30. Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945 By Mike Hawkins x + 344 pp. £19.95/$27.95 paper, £45.00/$69.95 cloth. Translate This Darkness: The Life of Christiana Morgan, The Veiled Woman in Jung's Circle. By Claire Douglas. 398 pp. $16.95, £11.95 paper. The Mammoth and the Mouse: Microhistory and Morphology. By Florike Egmond and Peter Mason. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). XIII + 245 pp. n.p.g. Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development 1909–1936. By Bruce L. McCormack, xviii + 499 pp. £19.99 paper. Four Neglected Essays by Immanuel Kant. By Stephen Palmquist,, 121 pp. paper, n.p.g. The Tree of Philosophy. By Stephen Palmquist 210 pp. $35.00 HK cloth, $4.50 HK paper. Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry. By Theresa Tinkle Figurai, Reading Medieval Culture, 294 pp. $39.50, £35.00 cloth. Portals, Pilgrimage, and Crusade in Western Tuscany. By Dorothy F. Glass, xvii + 145 pp $39.50/£35.00 cloth. Psychoanalysis, Historiography, and Feminist Theory: The Search for Critical Method. By Katherine Kearns, xii + 171 pp. $54.95/£35.00 cloth $17.95/£12.95 paper. Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World. By Peter Brown, xiii + 91 pp. £6.95, $9.95 paper. Order in the Twilight. By Bernhard Waidenfels; translated and edited by David J. Parent, xxvi + 179 pp. $36.95/£34.95 cloth. Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866. By Thomas Nipperdey. Translated by Daniel Nolan 760 pp. $69.95 hardcover. Proudhon and His Age. By John Ehrenberg,, ix + 184 p. $45.00 cloth. To Live Together: Shaping New Attitudes to Peace Through Education. Edited by Daniel S. Halpérin, Studies in Comparative Education, vii + 186 pp. n.p.g. paper. Trade Unions and Democratic Participation in Europe: A Scenario for the 21st Century. Edited by Gerard Kester and Henry Pinaud, xiv + 296 pp. £40.00 cloth. Ontological Arguments and Belief in God. By Graham Oppy, xvii + 376 pp. £40.00, $59.95 cloth. Modernité et morale. By Charles Larmore 257pp. 160 FF paper. Liberty, Right and Nature: Individual Rights in Later Scholastic Thought. By Annabel S. Brett, xii + 254 pp. $59.95/£35.00 cloth. Seeds of Virtue and Knowledge. By Maryanne Cline Horowitz xviii + 373 pp. $49.50, £37.50 cloth. Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex. By Henricus Cornelius Agrippa. Translated and Edited by Albert Rabil, Jr. xxxii + 109 pp. $33.00/£26.50 cloth $10.00/£11.25 paper. The Long Affair: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785–1800. By Conor Cruise O'Brien, xvii + 367 pp. $29.95/£23.95 cloth. Women in Russia and Ukraine. Edited by Rosalind Marsh xvii + 350pp. $69.95/£55.00 cloth $27.95/£19.95 paper. Rhetoric and Culture in Lacan. By Gilbert D. Chaitin xii + 278 pp. $54.95/£35.00 cloth $17.95/ £12.95 paper. White Heat: People and Technology. By Carroll Pursell, 224 pp. $18.00 paper. Isaiah Berlin. By John Gray 189 pp. $ 13.95 paper. Tory Radicalism: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–1997. By Earl A. Reitan x + 222 pp. $23.95 paper. Lustmord: Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany. By Maria Tatar 213 pp. $14.95, £12.50 paper. Crafting the Third World: Theorizing Underde‐velopment in Rumania and Brazil. By Joseph L. Love xvi + 348 pp. £50.00 cloth, £16.95 paper. The Austro‐Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. By Geoffrey Wawro xiii + 313 pp. £40.00/$59.95 cloth. Harmonious Tensions: The Writings of Friedrich Schiller. By Steven D. Martinson 448 pp. $55.00. Early Modern Liberalism. By Annabel Patterson ix + 314 pp. $49.95/£35.00 cloth.

Play resides at the heart of the Platonic dialogues, shaping their insights as well as informing their style. "The Play of the Platonic Dialogues" traces the prominent role of play, both as a general philosophical characteristic and as influencing the treatment of key issues. The nature of the forms, of the city, of virtue, of the soul and its immortality - these and others have been shaped by play. This book shows how Platonic playfulness is joined with the deepest seriousness throughout the dialogues.

Etudes hégéliennes: Raison et décision. Bernard Bourgeois (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, Questions, 1992). 404 pp. FF 198.00 paper. Name, Hero, Icon: Semiotics of Nationalism through Heroic Biography. Anna Makolkin (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992), 264 pp. DM 148 cloth. A History of Women in the West: II. Silences of the Middle Ages. Edited by Christiane Klapisch‐Zuber (Cambridge, Mass. and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992). Examination of Pharisaic Traditions. Exame das tradiçoes phariseas. By Uriel Da Costa. Facsimile of the only copy, Royal Library of Copenhagen. Supplement by Samuel Da Suva's Treatise on the immortality of the soul. Tratado da immortalidades da alma. Trans., notes and introduction by H. P. Salomon and I. S. D. Sassoon (E. J. Brill: Leiden, New York, Köln, 1992) 578 pp. $143.00 cloth. La transparence du mal: Essai sur les phénomènes extrêmes. 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In a letter written to Gadamer after receiving a copy of Truth and Method, Leo Strauss offered many criticisms with which Gadamer took issue. However, he acknowledged the important hint cited in the title. Perhaps strangely, Gadamer never took up this hint and showed very little interest in comedy throughout his Gesammelte Schriften. In this essay, I show that there are ample resources within Gadamerian hermeneutics to answer Strauss positively, also for a rich philosophy of comedy along Gadamerian lines. Toward that end, I use Gadamer’s Aristotelian view of tragedy as a clue; interpretations of play, excess and delight (Ergötzen) also weave into the analyses

Both in Force of Imagination: The Sense of the Elemental and in his very recent Logic of Imagination: The Expanse of the Elemental, John Sallis enacts a reconfiguration of the relationship of geometry to elementology, which might be regarded more generally as a rethinking of the relation of mathematics to philosophy. The paper will trace this reconfiguration in two ways: as it lies present but concealed in the history of philosophy, for example, in Descartes’ so-called “dualism” and in Kant’s pure productive imagination, and in its present creative evolution in fractal geometry, as Sallis interprets it. Sallis draws together the mathematical affinity with a fundamental aesthetic drive, likening mathematical patterns to choreographic ones. I conclude by following this strain as it points to specific dance companies, and to my own sense of aesthetic homecoming as presented in my Imagination in Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason.