Bruno Portela

We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women’s Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training. Subsequently, anthropometric measurements were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics. Fifty-nine players were postmenarche-trained and 52 were premenarche-trained. Eighteen, 65, and 28 were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 and 1 had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three, 23, and 9 reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as “normal,” presented “regular” menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Segundo a interpretação usual, a passagem is-ought de David Hume revela uma barreira lógica entre deveres e descrições de fatos. MacIntyre desafiou esta interpretação e manteve o debate em movimento, mostrando que a pretensão de Hume não foi negar a existência de deveres morais, mas mostrar que a passagem do é para o deve precisa ser feita adequadamente. Em seu tempo, Kant afirmou que a noção de dever moral não pode ser dissociada de seu valor absoluto, segue-se que as morais empiristas não seriam capazes de apresentar uma teoria normativa. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo pretende mostrar que a noção de dever oferecida por Hume é circunscrita ao campo da contingência e difere daquela defendida pela tradição, afastando a noção de obrigação moral da visão legalista de normatividade. Há, portanto, espaço para pensarmos a normatividade a partir de uma visão naturalista da moral, contudo, é preciso abrir mão do conceito robusto de dever no sentido tradicional.