C. F. Wong

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is typically characterized as a disorder of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity but there is increasing evidence of deficits in motivation. Using positron emission tomography, we showed decreased function in the brain dopamine reward pathway in adults with ADHD, which, we hypothesized, could underlie the motivation deficits in this disorder. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed secondary analyses to assess the correlation between the PET measures of dopamine D2/D3 receptor and dopamine transporter availability in the dopamine reward pathway and a surrogate measure of trait motivation in 45 ADHD participants and 41 controls. The Achievement scale was lower in ADHD participants than in controls and was significantly correlated with D2/D3 receptors and transporters in ADHD participants, but not in controls. ADHD participants also had lower values in the Constraint factor and higher values in the Negative Emotionality factor of the MPQ but did not differ in the Positive Emotionality factor - and none of these were correlated with the dopamine measures. In ADHD participants, scores in the Achievement scale were also negatively correlated with symptoms of inattention. These findings provide evidence that disruption of the dopamine reward pathway is associated with motivation deficits in ADHD adults, which may contribute to attention deficits and supports the use of therapeutic interventions to enhance motivation in ADHD. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Explore the use of comparative social policy perspectives of Chinese and Western theories of social harmony and ground-breaking significance. From the theoretical development of social policy to extract the concept of social harmony in the context of a relationship between modern society and the importance of two aspects of the system; social harmony and practice to become a three interrelated dimensions: economic, social and political; in This construct, based on three social harmony under the theory of ideology theory: liberalism, conservatism and social democracy of the concept of social harmony. Chinese Government to develop a sense of harmony with the local social values. If it is constructed with three compare the concept of social harmony, you will find it similar to the existing concept of harmony with the contents of the West, but also has a different development. From a social policy perspective, to change the role of the state's role in building a harmonious society is of great significance. This article uses a comparative perspective to explore the role of social policy in the construction of a harmonious society. Firstly, it looks at the concept of social harmony in a modem context where relational and institutional aspects are both important. Secondly, it follows by a review of literature and identifies three broad approaches in the pursuit of a harmonious society economic, social, and political; on that basis, three ideologies of social harmony are constructed; they are liberal social harmony, conservative social harmony, and social democratic harmony; in addition to the traditional Confucian social harmony. Thirdly, it uses the four constructed social harmony ideologies to assess how the discourse of social harmony in recent years by the new leadership should be classified. At last, it assesses the need of a change in the role of government, from the perspective of social policy, for the construction of a harmonious society in China

BackgroundThe use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms (ICFs) is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in biomedical research.MethodsThis multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important).ResultsOf the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 (85.1%) were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be ‘moderately important’ to ‘very important’ for their decision making (mean score, ranging from 3.58 to 4.47). Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF (mean score = 4.47, 4.47, and 4.45, respectively).ConclusionsResearch participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF.

Innovation adoption is the necessary element for the success of any organization around the globe, and this phenomenon needs a foremost solution. The current study examines this area and explores the impact of customers, employees, and social enterprises' traditional behavior on the resistance to innovation in social enterprises in China. The current article also investigates the mediating role of fear for change among customers, employees, and social enterprises' traditional behavior and resistance to innovation in social enterprises in China. This article has followed the primary data gathering methods and adopted the questionnaires for this purpose. The employees and customers of social enterprises are the respondents and ~11,000 population in the study. According to Krejcie & Morgan, the sample size criteria is around 370. Thus, the researchers' have forwarded around 615 surveys and received only 357 after a few weeks. The present research has also applied the SPSS-AMOS to analyze the association among variables and test the hypotheses. The results revealed that the traditional behavior of customers, employees, and social enterprises has a significant and positive linkage with resistance to innovation in social enterprises in China. The findings also exposed that the fear of change also significantly mediates among customers, employees, and social enterprises' traditional behavior and resistance to innovation in social enterprises in China. This study helps the regulators establish policies related to innovation adoption by changing traditional behavior to advance the behavior of customers, employees, and social enterprises.

Background Adherence to ethical guidelines and regulations and protecting and respecting the dignity and autonomy of participants by obtaining a valid informed consent form (ICF) prior to participation in research are crucial; The subjects did not add signatures next to the corrections made to signatures or dates on the ICF, Multiple signatures in other fields, ICF missing/missing signature, Incorrect ICF version Signed after modification, Correction tape used to correct signature, Impersonated signature, Non-research-member signature, however, ICFs are often not properly completed, which must be addressed. This study analyzed ICF signing errors and implemented measures to reduce or prevent these errors. Methods We used the plan–do–check–act (PDCA) cycle to help improve the correctness and validity of ICF signing. Results Interim and final reports from January 2016 to February 2020 including 363 ICFs were studied. The total proportion of correct ICF signatures (200, 83.3%) following the PDCA intervention was significantly higher than that before the intervention (P < 0.05). Analysis of the types of signing error demonstrated that signature errors were significantly reduced after the intervention, particularly for subjects did not add signatures next to the corrections made to signatures or dates on the ICF (16, 6.7%) and impersonated signature (0; P < 0.05). Conclusions The proportions of other error types—multiple signatures in other fields, missing or unsigned ICF, incorrect signature order, incorrect ICF version, use of correction tape to correct signature, and non-medical profession members signing the ICF—did not differ significantly.

The progress of electronic health technologies and biobanks holds enormous promise for efficient research. Evidence shows that studies based on sharing and secondary use of data/samples have the potential to significantly advance medical knowledge. However, sharing of such resources for international collaboration is hampered by the lack of clarity about ethical and legal requirements for transfer of data and samples across international borders. Here, the International Clinical Trial Center Network reports the legal and ethical requirements governing data and sample exchange across four continents. The most recurring requirement is ethical approval, whereas only in specific conditions approval of national health authorities is required. Informed consent is not required in all sharing situations. However, waiver of informed consent is only allowed in certain countries/regions and under certain circumstances. The current legal and ethical landscape appears to be very complex and under constant evolution. Regulations differ between countries/regions and are often incomplete, leading to uncertainty. With this work, ICN illuminates the unmet need for a single international collaborative framework to facilitate DSE. Harmonising requirements for global DSE will reduce inefficiency and waste in research. There are many challenges to realising this ambitious vision, including inconsistent terminology and definitions, and heterogeneous and dynamic legal constraints. Here, we identify areas of agreement and significant difference as a necessary first step towards facilitating international collaboration. We propose the establishment of a working group to continue the comparison across jurisdictions, create a standardised glossary and define a set of basic principles and fundamental requirements for DSE.

Background The use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in biomedical research. Methods This multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 to 5. Results Of the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be ‘moderately important’ to ‘very important’ for their decision making. Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF. Conclusions Research participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF.