Camila Martínez

This article analyzes the historical evolution of ADHD and its close relationship with the use of psychostimulants, showing how diagnostic changes, clinical evidence, and social pressures have shaped their contemporary understanding. Although stimulants reduce symptoms and risks associated with ADHD, their neurobiological basis remains uncertain, and diagnostic expansion has led to overdiagnosis and medicalization. Non-medical, especially in educational and work context, highlights a central bioethical dilemma: the growing blurring between treatment and performance optimization. Epistemic critiques of clinical trials, the influence of the pharmaceutical industry, the identity effects of diagnosis, and the tensions between autonomy, justice, and care are examined. The article proposes strengthening institutional ethics that limit commercial interests, ensure transparency in diagnostic construction, and promote a broader understanding of attention disorders, integrating biological, social, and cultural dimensions.

Resumen En este artículo se argumenta a favor de la relevancia moral de los lazos biológicos en la parentalidad. En primer lugar, se realiza un estado del arte en base a dos cuestiones: 1) la importancia de hecho que poseen los lazos biológicos en la caracterización de la relación parental; 2) la relevancia moral de estos lazos. Se argumenta que los lazos biológicos son importantes para establecer el paradigma de la parentalidad, que este es condición de posibilidad de la moralidad de la parentalidad, pero que esto no implica superioridad del modelo bionormativo respecto de otros modelos.In this article, we argue in favor of biological ties' moral relevance in the parental relationship. In the first place, we review the state-of-art literature in two respects: 1) the factual importance that biological ties have in the characterization of the parental relationship; 2) the moral relevance of these ties. We argue that biological ties are essential to establish the parenting paradigm. This paradigm is a condition of possibility for parenting morality, but that this does not imply the superiority of the bionormative model over other models.