Carlos Alberto Aponte Garcia

This article is the result of research on the influence of family vulnerability on the executive functions of adolescents in an educational institution in Tuluá, Colombia, during the year 2023. The study, a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, included ten participants aged 11 to 17. An adaptation of the Multifactorial Exploratory Questionnaire of Cooperation and Aggression, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test were used, complemented by semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that 40% of the participants live with family members who consume psychoactive substances; 30% report feeling misunderstood or undervalued; 40% have experienced punitive measures such as beatings, intense arguments, insults, humiliation, and disdain; 30% have a negative perception of neighborhood safety; 90% have had problems for not following family rules; 30% have difficulties expressing their feelings; 70% have negative thoughts about themselves, and 30% have had suicidal ideations. Regarding executive functions, 70% scored below expectations on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and their percentiles in the ReyOsterrieth Complex Figure Test showed variability. These findings indicate that family vulnerability negatively influences executive and verbal fluency, planning, and decisionmaking in adolescents. Lack of emotional support and exposure to violent environments were highlighted as critical factors that deteriorate mental health and confidence in their abilities

Between 2016 and 2024, the rapid development of emerging military technologies, such aslethal autonomous weapons, artificial intelligence applied to warfare, and cyber warfare, has posedsignificant challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This article critically analyzes the influenceof States, international organizations, and civil society in shaping the legal and ethical frameworksaddressing these issues. Using a qualitative, hermeneutic approach, it examines global actors’ discourses,principles, and regulatory proposals. The study identifies three key findings: (i) a critical normative gapconcerning autonomous systems and cyberconflicts; (ii) the need to reframe the notion of meaningfulhuman control as a substantive legal safeguard; and (iii) the reluctance of technologically advanced Statesto accept binding frameworks. The discussion highlights the role of civil society as a normative co-designerand proposes a more inclusive, anticipatory, and adaptive global governance. Finally, the article providesrecommendations to strengthen multilateral spaces, define clear principles, and promote proactive, ethical,and effective regulation of emerging military technologies.

The scope of the just judicial decision identifies the conceptual solidity not only of the legal order within which the decisional act is inserted as a category but also of the degree of rational recognition that this normative order socially communicates as fair. In this context, a judicial decision issued rationally within a contractually signed system is always pure positive law, but positive law, after all, is characterized by the fact that the act of issuing a sentence will always be a representation of the jurisdictional power of the State. It will then be the State as a positive institution that, fulfilling its duty of subjection to the principle of the rule of law, assumes as its mandate the linguistic communication of the normative text. A normative decision (judgment), legally binding, issued in the aforementioned circumstances, always runs the risk of being qualified as intolerable, or, as Radbruch puts it, an unjust decision. It is there, where, in principle, lies the purpose of this essay, trying to establish what is the basis for the rational validity of the fair judicial decision

This article explores medical responsibility and negligence from an ethical and legal perspective within the Colombian context. It highlights causes of negligence such as deficiencies in professional training and organizational problems. The article emphasizes "objective imputation as key to determining the criminal responsibility of the physician" (Alvarado D. 2019). The objectives include analyzing the current legal framework in Colombia and assessing the link between medical ethics and legal responsibility. The methodology builds upon a thorough examination of specialized literature, including peer-reviewed scientific articles in medicine and law, as well as legal documents and ethical regulations. A targeted search was conducted across various bibliographic databases including Google Scholar, Redalyc, Scielo, Dialnet, Biomed Central, Miguel De Cervantes Virtual Library, and BVS virtual health library.

This research examines the impact of Revolution 4.0 on International Law and arms regulation, particularly in the period 2016-2024, through a critical and socio-legal approach, it analyzes the challenges imposed on International Humanitarian Law (IHL) by new technologies applied to armed conflicts, such as autonomous weapons systems (AWS), artificial intelligence (AI) and cyberwarfare. These innovations have reshaped the modern battlefield, posing serious challenges to the application of fundamental principles such as distinction, proportionality and precaution, the study starts from the recognition of a normative gap that hinders the attribution of state responsibility and meaningful human control, especially in scenarios where war decisions are automated, likewise, the role of states, international organizations and civil society in the construction of effective regulatory frameworks is examined; The methodology used combines normative-dogmatic, comparative-legal and philosophical-legal methods, supported by analysis of recent cases and specialized literature; the project aims not only to identify the normative transformations driven by the technological revolution, but also to propose guidelines to ensure respect for IHL in contexts of digitalized warfare, this research contributes to the reflection on the need to adapt international law to the dizzying changes of the XXI century, reaffirming the imperative of protecting civilian populations in the use of emerging war technologies.