Cristal Huang

Ethical theory today is dominated by utilitarianism and by deontological theories . We also find, though to a much lesser extent, virtue ethics, feminist 'care' theories , social contract theories, and rights-based theories. But often missing from the discussion-and from most ethics textbooks-is natural law theory. Natural law theory has a long history, starting with the Stoics. It is influential outside of the Anglo-American world , and it has its powerful defenders today . But nevertheless it is virtually absent from most contemporary studies in ethics and, even when it is mentioned, it is often quickly rejected. Why is this theory so widely ignored or rejected? There are a number of reasons that have been given. Some raise the problem of the distinction between 'is' and 'ought'-that is, that contrary to a basic claim of natural law theory, one cannot infer a moral statement of what one' ought 'to do from a descriptive statement of the kind of being one' is. 'Some attack the theory because it is a' naturalistic 'theory, and it commits ' the naturalistic fallacy'-that moral properties are 'simple,' and cannot be defined in terms of something that is natural And there is today a widespread scepticism that questions whether there are such things as objective, universal moral standards-ie, standards which apply to all human beings, regardless of the culture from which they come or the time in which they live. In any case, even if there are such standards, we might still ask Where do they come from? Can we know what they are? And can we be certain that they are legitimate? Many, if not most of these questions were, however, addressed by Jacques Maritain. In this paper, I want to outline Maritain's distinctive account of natural law and its metaphysical and epistemological dimensions. This account not only provides a more sophisticated understanding of natural law, but gives us good reason to challenge the marginalization of it in contemporary moral philosophy. The object of this short essay has been to present Jacques Maritain's account of natural law. For Maritain, the 'natural law' is "an order or a disposition that the human reason can discover and according to which the human will must act in order to be in accord with the essential and necessary ends of the human being. "Such an account proposes not only a description of human behaviour, but a standard of moral action and a foundation for human rights . Maritain's adopts the view that this law is not only related to human nature, but is known naturally. He believes that, given his arguments concerning the metaphysical and epistemological dimensions, we have a historically sensitive version of a natural law theory that accords with human experience, that bridges the is / ought gap, and that explains how differences in moral knowledge do not count against a natural law view. If we take this approach-an approach that Maritain believes is rooted in St Thomas-Maritain believes that one can respond to at least some of the major criticisms of natural law theory. There is, of course, more to a natural law theory than an account of its metaphysical and epistemological dimensions. Clearly, more needs to be said concerning its relation to other kinds of law . We also need to specify what exactly we know of natural law. And it is also important to see how Maritain's account compares with other natural law theories , especially the 'rationalist' accounts that were popular in the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, it is clear from the discussion throughout this essay that Maritain's theory is not one that one should hastily reject-and that it should be included among the major moral theories of today

This paper intends to pulse with the history of Western philosophy, there is a special method of dealing with philosophical counseling as a study into the road. Western philosophy from the beginning has been to the Greek period metaphysics of things there the basis for this concept in the contemporary philosophical hermeneutics established by Heidegger , closing show the ontology basic research, thus providing for Cunyou Zhe for the human and there is language in the world and nature, timing and other important line of thinking. This paper will focus on such ontology-oriented, the feasibility of philosophical counseling to provide research-based methodology. As the house French hermeneutics Ricoeur presents a text and discourse, this paper will attempt to deal with the text from the ontology discussion, in order to expose the hidden discourse, and then look forward to the practical application of contemporary philosophy of methodology the study. Philosophical Counseling is a philosophical approach based on consultation of all personnel operating at the context and the relationship between surface features such as a philosophical practice. Through the history of Western philosophy and the context , paper-oriented by the ontology, showing how hermeneutics home Ricoeur to action by the text of text and discourse of the relationship, the text is being written down in any discussion. Philosophical counseling should be provided by the counselor's text, through dialogue for the case of doing a kind of individual counseling. Philosophy should give people the philosophy of power, so that philosophical dialectic process: from now on to the anti-theory to touching on , to be in a consultative process, the show in by the counselor thinking of. We also argued that the philosophy of metaphysics can be achieved after the people may have seen the potential of ontology of the world there is some connection to this, there are context-style text to learn the philosophy of counseling allows counselor see the case of the main hidden in the text by writing a possible even his / her own is not clear on this. There is the philosophy of counseling to be discussed and demonstrated once again change. This paper wants to try to study the approacches between the Western historical contextualization on Ontological method and Philosophical counseling. Western philosophy works since Greek time the Metahpysical basis of studing things through Being. This idea was established right after the beginning of Hermeneutics, through Martin Heidegger , there is a basis on the study of Ontology. The study provides for human beings the answer about being and Being, especially on Being, Woridness, language, and temporality, etc. important routes of thinking. This paper will focus on this approach, and question if this approach may provide philosophical counseling a basic methodology. Because French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur proposes a kind of study on text and discourse, the paper will also try to link the possibility of how to study the ontological approach on the discourse inside text . In order to manisfest the invisible discourse. By this way, we plan to establish a method of contemporary philosophical application on the methodology. Philosophical counseling is a way of doing philosophy by people and things, through the history of Western philosophy and the context inside the history, this paper plans to do from Ontology in order to demostrate Paul Ricoeur's thoughts on text and discourse in From Text to Action, text is a discouse to be fixed by writing. Philosophical should provide people the philosophical power. By making dialectic possible, through thesis, anti-thesis, syn-thesis, after a period of counseling, the thought that is presented in the counseling. We may also support that Metaphysics in philosophy can make people observe potency in act, ontology then makes this world-view on Being to be connected together, the Ontological contextualization can make philosophical counseling to be possible to see agents invisible new discourse. A kind of discourse that even he or she does not know clearly about it before the counseling. The ontologically philosophical counseling makes discourse to be transformed and manifested

This article attempts to hermeneutics of text and narrative discourse theory view of the construction methodology of philosophical counseling issues. Mainly related to the theory of hermeneutics scholars such as Heidegger and Ricoeur, all involving language and symbols of science can be used Wenwen hermeneutics of narrative theory to application, so this will be discussed in addition to handling its relations with the text of the consultative the theory of time will be special emphasis on the relationship between narrative and to state why the narrative for philosophical counseling is an important way into the road In this paper, the writer intends to examine the construction of the methodology of philosophical counseling in terms of the hermeneutic text-discourse and narrative theories. The most important scholars of hermeneutics are Heidegger and Ricoeur, we can apply the hermeneutic narrative theory to any humanities involving languages ​​and signs. Therefore, other than dealing with the theory of counseling through the text-discourse relation, we will emphasize in particular the relation between narrative and time in order to state why narrative is an important approach to philosophical counseling

This will be the philosophy of Heidegger's interpretation of scholars logistic concept of Sri Lanka starting with the interpretation of the action regardless of the relationship described as a spindle, handle contemporary hermeneutics of "Time and Narrative," a double for the two types of action research. Home contemporary German philosophical hermeneutics of Heidegger , in the "there and time" , the history of philosophy is the concept of famous logos and regardless coherent state, that people can through logos, showing a material relevant, and particularly pointed out the key elements, this paper he pointed out the logos for the state and regardless of one side of the relationship between the two, showing the relationship of hermeneutics for us to think about the starting point of action theory. Interpretation is the language of a mobile object . In this action, philosophy and one can show that he can see something, in this view among the things in this world: an object sitting in the world this time, space, being understanding of the content, can be suspected and being shaken hypocrisy outside like, this thing with otherness, through a world and this object The existence of the relationship , there exist with the current presence of the icy, in that裡performance, through language, an externalization of the exist relation. This will depend on where and logistic management in the state regardless of the activities of Sri Lanka, the main narrative of how the performance of a time with the concept, under this view, how we will express the meaning of action coming. Then we are going to show regardless of an action under the above interpretation of the theory. 1 regardless described as actions start; Description of regardless above and history of building relationships; 3 are in the mountain: a performance at the body of the Cun Youzhe The arguments above and actions; 4 time regardless above interpretation of the action the plot of the role; 5 by reference to the narrative of the process regardless. Contemporary philosophy for an extension of this focus can be extended to deal with learning how to write narrative, may be Zhumo of the so-called science of writing . Advocates writing at the theory out of the differences in nature, I think that the so-called action theory must meet to provide differences in the possibility of action is a language regardless above the launching of new possibilities in finding new possibilities and why there is this sense and in the He After the show at our actions is our Peter's in there . State action regardless demand that theory and narrative interpretation of时间principle, the complete expression of the meaning of action. This kind regardless above interpretation of the action theory is a new contemporary tragedy regardless, we will show the future is a kind of purification and transformation, this kind of action theory is not generally made ​​out with the move of principle, it is an expression of why there is a new twist to the principle of , regardless the above actions is a kind of poetic theory and the ontology of action under the theory. We believe that human handling action research, they should specifically for time and narrative, regardless above and write out this regardless above, the text and context of the triple features one by one place that, this process for all research actions of the theory is concerned, will provide a kind of new poetics of action sense, when people action, the only basis regardless above interpretation of the action, is a deep poetic style that turn-based action theory, we expect people's actions in the real regardless out only after the full launch , not just based on experience and concerns to action, this kind of state action regardless theory, should give us the text of the overall context of hermeneutics and narrative time, but the real philosophy of ordinary practice. In the paper, we will use the philosophical approach from Martin Heidegger, the concept of logos as the key point to proceed the research on the relation between narrative action and discourse. And we will apply this result on the research about the kind of action between the duo relation from contemporary Hermeneutic theory. Martin Heidegger leads contemporary German Hermeneutics toward Being and Time, he uses the concept of logos as the starting point to interpret discourse. From logos, people identify and manifest clearly what is a thing talking about. In this paper, we will apply this thought on how exactly a discourse is the starting point of an action. We will have 5 parts: 1. Discourse as the beginning of an action; 2. The relation between saying a discourse and the construction of a history ; 3. Befindlichkeit as the place where a person to be felt to be found: a kind of presenting of discourse and action on Befindlichkeit 4. Time in the interpretive action of discourse as a role of emplotment; 5. The process from discourse to narrative . In the contemporary development about this research may also be linked to Jacques Derrida's idea on grammatology. He uses written being to deal with the difference of discourse. We believe that the theory of action on Hermeneutics may follow this link. Action is a new possibility of the discourse of language. After we find the new possibility on what a thing means for now, our action may proceed to be a Being to be there. The interpretive action of discourse requests the new principle on both time and narrative. And we will get a new clarification and change after we narrate our discourse about something. The kind of theory of action is a kind of theory between Poetics and Ontology. We believe that when human beings deal with the research of action, they should focus on time and narrative ; discourse and writing out this discourse; and text and context: the three folds orders. From this process, the theory of action will provide a kind of meaning on poetic action. This action of discourse is always with the color of being interpretive. And it may bring to us the contextuality of texts on time and narrative, and through whole Hermeneutic approach to practice the purpose of searching truth and unique.

This paper by the French Heidegger's hermeneutic theory Lu family, handling the theoretical basis of narrative and use, and thus the subject of spirituality in care, how the narrative, the life philosophy of reconstruction processing method of the study. Because of the narrative through a recombinant beam position reading, processing and reconstruction of life, this article that I can live in care of spirituality, the narrative method of writing as a spindle. To complete a caring and re-emerged in the meaning of life twist and purification, and thus the study and writing poetry as a way to connect the process. Hermeneutics in order to complete the application. The application of spiritual studies in contemporary Eastern and Western Philosophies should be one of the important examinations. When Martin Heidegger writes Being and Time, he emphasizes clearly the Dasein's Beings as care. He thinks that we may approach the perspective of Being by passing through our grasp on anxiety and lost of certainty of phenomenon. We may obtain the grasp about the wholeness of Being. And when we grasp this way, we will also obtain the certification about this grasping. In the paper, we will interpret the concet of narrative and time from the thoughts of French writer Paul Ricoeur. Through his Time and Narrative, we will lead the focus toward our interpretation about the spiritual care. We will interpret the narrative discourse as the main core of our method. Through the new combination of temporality, we get the new order of time-from present interpreting toward both the past and the future. And then through our affected memory, we approach to the poetic narrative by using mimesis. And through this process, we obtain the meaning through duration. The narrative purifies the meaning. The whole event will be changed to be new possible interpretation. Through the context of our paper, we wish to say that human beings' memory may approach the new meaning. Through reading in poetic narrative and mimesis, we practice our purification . So the poetic narrative is also the key of spiritual care. It is the poetics in time narrating

The main thrust of this writing, the French want to do a deconstruction theory and hermeneutics link. For any object handled by a broad interpretation of cultural symbols. Cultural activities can be used as the object of practice hermeneutics, deconstruction in progress in the interpretation of the subject does, is a work from the inside out, from the symbolic interpretation of the implication of the sound inside. Implication that is reproduced in the new construction and deconstruction of the intersection. Therefore, the interpretation of the relationship between symbols and culture, this paper discusses a reflection of the main hopes of coming out in front of and between subject and object representation in the version of the change process, in which the differences will start. Therefore, the deconstruction of the road trip is the cultural identity again. In this text, we try to link French de-constructing theory and hermeneutics. The object which we are trying to interpret is any kind of reading of cultural signs in wide meanings. Culture as a kind of object in hermeneutical activity of praxis, the interpreting subject has to interpret the cultural sign from inside to outside. From the inside of sign to the out-side of its meaning. And the point of meeting of representation is both the new construction and de-construction. Because of this, from the relation between cultures and signs, our text tries to interpret how one thinking subject can face two kinds of versions: one in front of the subject; the other represented in the subject's activity. And also he has to face the changes between them. And the differences begin in this process. So the way of de-construction is also the way of re-identity of cultures

This article discusses the hermeneutics history hope for life-style experience with the language of the Road and highlight the main face of history, is a reproduction of finding work in the interpretation of the authenticity of the course. To seek the authenticity of the reproduction, human sciences research should be back on Greek philosophy of life and the overall interpretation of the principle of tension by changes in the spirit of Greek philosophy, hermeneutics approach to the subject to interpretation and discussion of works of course on眞real of continuing to pursue the process of change, should the humanities in contemporary hermeneutics under the influence of new philosophical method

The main work of this paper, hoping to live through the Chinese-style view of the world, to find out an appropriate route, the concept of tolerance can be made ​​for new philosophical thinking and contemporary interpretation of the face. As in the Chinese pronunciation, but also can use the same "wide financial" statement the same sound, meaning you can refer to a wide melting: open and broaden the meaning of integration, so the same pronunciation in Chinese words, if you do not see the word writing, in which we can with the Chinese language implies the unique homophonic word open thinking characteristic points. So the word sounds tolerance alone, in the Chinese audience's hearts, can be interpreted as: the new horizon of openness. It is because of this one in the Chinese character on the factual situation, to be discussed in this paper will focus, focus on how to use the difference in our philosophy of interpretation of law, the "tolerance" of this word in writing and speech, as the difference between the implied that a philosophy on a new face. Here, we will use the theory of hermeneutics and deconstruction as the main method of approach roads.