Daniel S. Hoffmann

Although deep learning has historically deep roots, with regard to the vast area of​ artificial intelligence and, more specifically, to the study of machine learning and artificial neural networks, it is only recently that this line of investigation has developed fruits with great commercial value, starting to have thus a significant impact on society. It is precisely because of the wide applicability of this technology nowadays that we must be alert, in order to be able to foresee the negative implications of its indiscriminate uses. Of fundamental importance, in this context, are the risks associated with collecting large amounts of data for training neural networks (and for other purposes too), the dilemma of the strong opacity of these systems, and issues related to the misuse of already trained neural networks, as exemplified by the recent proliferation of deepfakes. This text introduces and discusses these issues with a pedagogical bias, thus aiming to make the topic accessible to new researchers interested in this area of​ application of scientific models.

Lewis Wolpert é um proeminente biólogo do desenvolvimento, bemconhecido pelo seu conceito de informação posicional e pelo “problemada bandeira francesa”. O professor Wolpert sustenta que a ciência confiávelé isenta de valores, e ele tem desempenhado um papel importante em tornara ciência disponível ao público. Esta entrevista fornece uma perspectivasobre algumas das idéias centrais deste pensador polêmico.Lewis Wolpert is a prominent developmental biologist, well known for hisconcept of positional information and the “French flag problem”. ProfessorWolpert sustains that reliable science is value-free, and he has been playingan important role in making science available to the public. This interviewprovides an insight into some of the key ideas of this polemic thinker.

Scott F. Gilbert é um renomado embriologista que tem uma preocupaçãoespecial com a história e a filosofia subjacentes à sua própria disciplina.Ele aqui nos fornece diversos relatos em primeira mão do fascinanteuniverso da biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento e abre uma janelacompletamente nova para a compreensão da complexa e tensa dialéticaentre ciência e arte – e, por extensão, entre o objetivo e o subjetivo, entreo lógico e o emotivo, entre o cientista em seu frio laboratório de hardscience e o mesmo indivíduo, agora sem seu jaleco, que se revela comoum vasto repositório das mais profundas e humanas aspirações éticas eestéticas.Scott F. Gilbert is a renowned embryologist who is particularly concernedabout the history and philosophy behind his own discipline. Here heprovides us with several first-hand accounts of the fascinating universe ofevolutionary developmental biology, and opens up a wholly new windowinto the understanding of the complex and tense dialectics between scienceand art – and by extension between the objective and the subjective, betweenthe logical and the emotional, between the scientist inside his or her coldhard science laboratory and the same individual, this time without his orher white coat, that reveals himself or herself as a vast repository of themost profound and human ethical and aesthetical ambitions.