Daniel Sanchez

Este artículo examina los fundamentos de la ley natural en la tradición clásica, con especial atención a la recepción de las ideas de Cicerón y su desarrollo en la síntesis tomista. Se analiza cómo Cicerón articula elementos estoicos, platónicos y aristotélicos para formular una norma racional, inmutable y universal –lex naturae– que vincula lo humano con lo divino. A continuación, se estudia la transformación operada por Tomás de Aquino, quien concibe la ley natural como participación activa de la razón humana en la ley eterna, sin perder su anclaje teológico. El trabajo reivindica el concepto de naturaleza en el ámbito ético y explora la tensión entre la autonomía de la razón práctica y su apertura a un orden trascendente, planteando un diálogo entre la tradición clásica y su reinserción en el pensamiento cristiano medieval.

ABSTRACT: This paper shows how the concept of Natural Right (ius naturale), also in its subjective dimension, is conceived by Hugo Grotius as dependent on a primary relationship with the notion of justice considered in a broad sense. The author contends that the Grotian critical reconstruction of the Aristotelian categories of justice, i.e. corrective-distributive in terms of expletive-attributive respectively, largely determines the way in which the notion of ius might be understood. Accordingly, the content of Natural Right in Grotius’ view is not confined to a scope merely articulated by subjective rights, as it is usually presented, but it is extended to a genuine moral field wherein natural law can and must be understood in the light of the demands of virtue, not vice versa. En este artículo se muestra cómo, según Hugo Grocio, el derecho natural (ius naturale), también en su dimensión subjetiva, depende de una relación primaria con la justicia entendida en un sentido moral amplio. La tesis que sugiero es que la reconstrucción crítica que hace Grocio de las categorías aristotélicas de la justicia (correctiva-distributiva en términos de expletiva-atributiva respectivamente) determina, en buena medida, la forma en que se concibe el ius. Es decir, el contenido del derecho natural en Grocio no se reduce a un ámbito articulado por meros derechos subjetivos, como con frecuencia se tiende a pensar, sino que se extiende a un ámbito genuinamente moral en el que se abre un espacio donde la ley natural puede y debe ser entendida a la luz de las exigencias de la virtud, y no viceversa.

“Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and reverence: […] the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me” (KpV 5:161).1 While through the study of nature we become aware of our animal nature, our moral condition raises us above animality and makes us aware of our dignity as persons. This is the famous dictum which summarizes Kant’s philosophical stance. In writing these beautiful words, he was probably inspired by Seneca (Ep. 64.5–7; Constant. 8.2–4; Santozki 2006: 226–7; Seidler 1981: 674–6). Kant held ancient moral philosophy in great esteem (Religion 6:24). Kant was well acquainted with the Stoic tradition, particularly through his reading of Cicero and Seneca. He studied them both during his school years at the Collegium Frideri cianum and also later as a university professor. However, in his published writings he does not usually refer to specific texts nor does he mention authors by name. As a consequence, in his discussion of Stoic theories it is common to find both textual and systematic inaccuracies (Santozki 2006: 154–8; Seidler 1981: 1–13). Kant seems more interested in using Stoic ideas to develop and define his own position (Schneewind 1996: 292–3). Both Kant and the Stoics ultimately understood philosophical activity as a guide for living. However, contrary to the Stoic intellectualistic bent, Kant strongly denies that philosophical knowledge provides any help for leading a moral life. The role of philosophy is to provide justifications for the moral principles available at any particular time to ordinary people. The philosopher or the sage is in no better a position to lead a moral life (GMS 4:404). In this chapter our main objective is to offer a number of Stoic interpretative keys so that we can better understand Kant’s moral philosophy. That Kant was strongly influenced (positively or negatively) by the Stoics is beyond doubt. Unfortunately, only on a few occasions is it possible to trace direct textual links. However, one can identify a number of structural parallelisms between Stoic and Kantian positions. We provide an account of some of the most relevant of these because central concepts of Kantian ethics– such as the good will, virtue, the relationship between duty and happiness, and the role of emotions– gain a more precise definition when considered from a Stoic perspective. Textual references to Stoicism serve this purpose but will not be discussed in detail here.

Los conceptos de filosofía y método son centrales en el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Wittgenstein. Sin embargo, su comprensión es de alta complejidad puesto que exige un próvido examen de otros conceptos que entran en relación con ellos. Dado que hoy contamos con la teoría de modelos, una teoría matemática con aplicaciones en lógica, debería ser bastante útil utilizar su marco teórico para comprender el Tractatus. El objetivo principal es, entonces, dilucidar los conceptos de filosofía y método mediante un análisis de las proposiciones 1 a 5 con la teoría de modelos.

Cybersecurity technology has the ability to detect malware through a variety of methods, such as signature recognition, logical rules or the identification of known malware stored in a database or public source. However, threat actors continuously try to create new variants of existing malware by obfuscating or altering parts of the code to evade detection by antivirus engines. Infostealers are one of the most common malicious programs aimed at obtaining personal or banking information from an infected system and exfiltrating it. In addition, they are the precursors of potentially high-security incidents because attackers gain a entry into companies’ internal systems and may even access them with administrator permissions. This article demonstrates how a feature vector can be obtained from the assembly code of a Windows binary and how a a Graph Neural Network can be used to determine, with ninety percent accuracy, whether it is an infostealer.

This article explores, from an epistemic perspective, the scope of some key notions of the Stoic theory of action at the moment of a rational agent’s deliberation. It is argued that deliberation consists primarily in a critical examination of impulsive presentations (φαντασίαι ὁρμητικαί) and that indifferent objects (ἀδιάφορα), as carriers of a kind of selective value (ἀξία ἐκλεκτική), rather than a reason to act constitute a reason to believe (Klein, 2015). Finally, it is concluded that virtue, contrary to what has sometimes been interpreted, is not part of the deliberative process as one among other considerations about the indifferent because the moral value of virtue is incommensurable with the natural value of the indifferent. However, virtue enters decisively into deliberation insofar as the practical end of the rational agent is to reason perfectly (εὐλογιστεῖν) in full consonance with the demands of destiny.

The closure of schools as a result of COVID-19 has been a critical global incident from which to rethink how education works in all our countries. Among the many changes generated by this crisis, all teaching became mediated by digital technologies. This paper intends to analyze the activities carried out during this time through digital technologies and the conceptions of teaching and learning that they reflect. We designed a Likert-type online questionnaire to measure the frequency of teaching activities. It was answered by 1,403 teachers from Spain. The proposed activities varied depending on the learning promoted, the learning outcomes, the type of assessment to which the activities were directed, and the presence of cooperative activities. The major result of this study was that teachers used reproductive activities more frequently than constructive ones. We also found that most activities were those favoring verbal and attitudinal learning. The cooperative activities were the least frequent. Finally, through a cluster analysis, we identified four teaching profiles depending on the frequency and type of digital technologies use: Passive, Active, Reproductive, and Interpretative. The variable that produced the most consistent differences was previous digital technologies use These results show that Information and Communication Technologies uses are reproductive rather than constructive, which impedes effective digital technologies integration into the curriculum so that students gain 21st-century competencies.

Siliconomas are subcutaneous nodules that usuallyappear as a consequence of the migration of freesilicon implanted in other locations. They are morefrequent in women with abnormal breast implants,such as poly implant prostheses, but they may alsoappear after illegal injection of free silicone. We reporta 57-year-old woman who attended our Dermatologyclinic complaining of relapsing facial panniculitis ofunknown origin. After a thorough work-up, thesenodules were determined to be the consequence ofdermal filler made with fluid silicone, which had beeninjected 20 years prior. High frequency skin ultrasoundof one of the nodules showed a hyperechoic image,also known as “snowstorm,” which was located in thesubcutaneous tissue. The disposition of silicone in thisplane obscures the view of any sonographic structurein the underlying plane. Cutaneous sonographyhas become one of the most useful non-invasivetechniques in diagnosis of filler complications andother inflammatory diseases. Combined treatmentwith prednisone and allopurinol was successful, withno recurrence after 1 year of follow-up.

Centrofollicular B Cell lymphomas constitute 25% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that originate in the skin. They are the second in frequency of those lymphomas with extranodal location after gastrointestinal B lymphomas. The primary cutaneous centrofollicular lymphoma is characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of centrocytes and centroblasts confined to the skin. The prognosis is considered excellent with low probability of extracutaneous dissemination. We present a patient recently diagnosed in our unit with a good response to radiotherapy and complete resolution of the tumor with mild atrophy of the site.