Daniel Sanchez

This paper reconsiders the unity of Stoic common law (koinos nomos) by examining how universal right reason (orthos logos) relates to context-sensitive judgment. Against readings that treat Stoic law either as a fixed body of rules or as an entirely agent-internal standard, I argue that the universal and the particular are complementary aspects of a single normative order. Central is the epistemic asymmetry between the sage, whose grasp of cosmic reason is direct, and the non-sage, who relies on praecepta and regulae as provisional guides. Reassessing indifferents as epistemic rather than independently normative, and reexamining the relation between decreta and praecepta, I show that Stoic kathēkonta allow for genuine rule-guidance without compromising the sage’s access to right reason. This account dissolves the opposition between rule-centered and agent-centered interpretations.

Este artículo examina los fundamentos de la ley natural en la tradición clásica, con especial atención a la recepción de las ideas de Cicerón y su desarrollo en la síntesis tomista. Se analiza cómo Cicerón articula elementos estoicos, platónicos y aristotélicos para formular una norma racional, inmutable y universal –lex naturae– que vincula lo humano con lo divino. A continuación, se estudia la transformación operada por Tomás de Aquino, quien concibe la ley natural como participación activa de la razón humana en la ley eterna, sin perder su anclaje teológico. El trabajo reivindica el concepto de naturaleza en el ámbito ético y explora la tensión entre la autonomía de la razón práctica y su apertura a un orden trascendente, planteando un diálogo entre la tradición clásica y su reinserción en el pensamiento cristiano medieval.

Los conceptos de filosofía y método son centrales en el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Wittgenstein. Sin embargo, su comprensión es de alta complejidad puesto que exige un próvido examen de otros conceptos que entran en relación con ellos. Dado que hoy contamos con la teoría de modelos, una teoría matemática con aplicaciones en lógica, debería ser bastante útil utilizar su marco teórico para comprender el Tractatus. El objetivo principal es, entonces, dilucidar los conceptos de filosofía y método mediante un análisis de las proposiciones 1 a 5 con la teoría de modelos.

Cybersecurity technology has the ability to detect malware through a variety of methods, such as signature recognition, logical rules or the identification of known malware stored in a database or public source. However, threat actors continuously try to create new variants of existing malware by obfuscating or altering parts of the code to evade detection by antivirus engines. Infostealers are one of the most common malicious programs aimed at obtaining personal or banking information from an infected system and exfiltrating it. In addition, they are the precursors of potentially high-security incidents because attackers gain a entry into companies’ internal systems and may even access them with administrator permissions. This article demonstrates how a feature vector can be obtained from the assembly code of a Windows binary and how a a Graph Neural Network can be used to determine, with ninety percent accuracy, whether it is an infostealer.

The closure of schools as a result of COVID-19 has been a critical global incident from which to rethink how education works in all our countries. Among the many changes generated by this crisis, all teaching became mediated by digital technologies. This paper intends to analyze the activities carried out during this time through digital technologies and the conceptions of teaching and learning that they reflect. We designed a Likert-type online questionnaire to measure the frequency of teaching activities. It was answered by 1,403 teachers from Spain. The proposed activities varied depending on the learning promoted, the learning outcomes, the type of assessment to which the activities were directed, and the presence of cooperative activities. The major result of this study was that teachers used reproductive activities more frequently than constructive ones. We also found that most activities were those favoring verbal and attitudinal learning. The cooperative activities were the least frequent. Finally, through a cluster analysis, we identified four teaching profiles depending on the frequency and type of digital technologies use: Passive, Active, Reproductive, and Interpretative. The variable that produced the most consistent differences was previous digital technologies use These results show that Information and Communication Technologies uses are reproductive rather than constructive, which impedes effective digital technologies integration into the curriculum so that students gain 21st-century competencies.

Siliconomas are subcutaneous nodules that usuallyappear as a consequence of the migration of freesilicon implanted in other locations. They are morefrequent in women with abnormal breast implants,such as poly implant prostheses, but they may alsoappear after illegal injection of free silicone. We reporta 57-year-old woman who attended our Dermatologyclinic complaining of relapsing facial panniculitis ofunknown origin. After a thorough work-up, thesenodules were determined to be the consequence ofdermal filler made with fluid silicone, which had beeninjected 20 years prior. High frequency skin ultrasoundof one of the nodules showed a hyperechoic image,also known as “snowstorm,” which was located in thesubcutaneous tissue. The disposition of silicone in thisplane obscures the view of any sonographic structurein the underlying plane. Cutaneous sonographyhas become one of the most useful non-invasivetechniques in diagnosis of filler complications andother inflammatory diseases. Combined treatmentwith prednisone and allopurinol was successful, withno recurrence after 1 year of follow-up.

Centrofollicular B Cell lymphomas constitute 25% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that originate in the skin. They are the second in frequency of those lymphomas with extranodal location after gastrointestinal B lymphomas. The primary cutaneous centrofollicular lymphoma is characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of centrocytes and centroblasts confined to the skin. The prognosis is considered excellent with low probability of extracutaneous dissemination. We present a patient recently diagnosed in our unit with a good response to radiotherapy and complete resolution of the tumor with mild atrophy of the site.