Daniel Soares

Propõe-se um paralelo entre Machado de Assis e Maquiavel. Para tanto, dividiu-se o artigo em quatro seções. Na primeira, apresentam-se duas relações possíveis entre Machado de Assis e a filosofia: uma leitura da não relação e uma leitura da relação. Na segunda, discute-se a interpretação de Margutti sobre a relação entre Machado e a filosofia. Na terceira, toma-se a leitura de Maia Neto da ficção machadiana. Na quarta seção, constrói-se o paralelo entre Machado e Maquiavel tendo como base os conceitos apresentados nas etapas anteriores. Finaliza-se com um balanço do paralelo.

O presente artigo propõe um estudo de caso sobre a abordagem histórica no ensino e sua comparação com outros dois modelos. Toma-se como objeto o caso da filosofia. A metodologia consiste em análise documental e bibliográfica concernente ao objeto. Partindo dessa análise, delimitam-se as principais influências no modelo de ensino brasileiro segundo uma abordagem histórica da filosofia. São analisadas três formas de abordar o ensino da filosofia: histórico, temático e por problemas. São apresentadas as limitações e vantagens das abordagens. Em seguida é proposta uma forma de ensinar filosofia que leve em conta o que a filosofia tem de intrínseco. Chega-se a um ensino da filosofia que supera a abordagem histórica, sem que isso signifique descartar a história da filosofia, composta de mais de 2500 anos. Palavras-chave: Abordagem Histórica; Ensino; Problemas; Filosofia. A study on the historical approach to teaching: the case of philosophy Abstract: This paper proposes a case study on the historical approach in teaching. The case of philosophy is taken as an object. The methodology consists of documental and bibliographical analysis concerning the object. Based on this analysis, the main influences on the Brazilian teaching model are delimited according to a historical approach to philosophy. Three ways of approaching the teaching of philosophy are analyzed: historical, thematic and by problems. The limitations and advantages of the approaches are presented. Next, a way of teaching philosophy is proposed that takes into account what philosophy has in particular. It arrives at a teaching of philosophy that surpasses the historical approach, without this meaning discarding the history of philosophy, composed of more than 2500 years. Keywords: Historical Approach; Teaching; Problems; Philosophy. Une étude sur l’approche historique de l'enseignement: le cas de la philosophie Résumé: Cet article propose une étude de cas sur l’approche historique en enseignement et sa comparaison avec deux autres modèles. L'objet de l'étude est l'enseignement de la philosophie. La méthodologie repose sur une analyse documentaire et bibliographique de cet objet. À partir de cette analyse, les principales influences sur le modèle pédagogique brésilien sont délimitées selon une approche historique de la philosophie. Trois approches de l'enseignement de la philosophie seront analysées : historique, thématique et par problème. Les limites et les avantages de chaque approche sont présentés. Une approche d'enseignement de la philosophie tenant compte de la nature intrinsèque de la philosophie est ensuite proposée. Nous arrivons à un enseignement de la philosophie qui va au-delà de l’approche historique, sans pour autant écarter l’histoire de la philosophie, vieille de plus de 2500 ans. Mots clés: Approche Historique; Enseignement; Problématique; Philosophie. Data de registro: 31/05/2025 Data de aceite: 03/12/2025.

Eric Weil, Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger are three German philosophers, one of whom is Jewish. Weil presents in the category of the finite a possibility among the philosophical discourses that comprise Heidegger and Jaspers. This paper proposes a partial understanding of Jaspers and Heidegger through the Weilian category of the finite and the resumption operated by this possibility of discourse – finitude – of the category of work, whose phenomenology is Nazism. For this purpose, the article was divided into three sections, followed by an introduction. The Introduction aims to present the relationship between the three thinkers given through two texts by Weil. We also list the reasons for choosing the works of Heidegger and Jaspers that will be discussed. The first section of the article contains a presentation of the Weilian concepts that are the basis for the following sections. In the second section, these concepts are compared with the Heideggerian thought. In the third section, we apply the same method to Jaspers' thinking, showing the limitations that Heidegger's thinking finds on the political plane. We conclude the paper with a small balance of the discussion.

This article aims to reconstruct the concept of “race” in Nietzsche's work, particularly in his late writings. We seek to test the hypothesis that Nietzsche attempted to reform the concept of race to overcome the descriptive and normative shortcomings of classical racialist theories, by making the notion (a) descriptively more accurate and (b) better suited to his normative agenda. Tosituate Nietzsche's views within a purely abstract space of conceptual possibilities, the first section outlines two contemporary approaches in the philosophy of race, Kwame Appiah's naturalist-eliminativist approach and Sally Haslanger's constructivist approach, both in their original formulations. The subsequent sections examine Nietzsche's treatment of the problem of race, aiming to extract a definition of the concept and assess the extent to which it retains elements of the classical conception while proposing a reformed version of it. Nietzsche employs the term “race” in various ways, sometimes referring to nations and ethnic groups, sometimes to classes and social stratifications. While he rejects key presuppositions of the racialist view – denying that races are biologically discrete units – he replaces it with a proto-constructivist, culturalist and historicist notion in which races are made rather than innate. Nonetheless, he draws on Lamarck’s thesis of the inheritance of acquired characters as a means of preserving the concept’s explanatory ambitions without relying on essentialist assumptions. The final part of the article evaluates the strengths and limitations of this reformed concept of race from both an explanatory and normative perspective, using criteria internal and external to Nietzsche’s philosophical commitments. Although Nietzsche resolutely opposes antisemitism and intrinsic racism, he nonetheless makes racist generalizations and advocates a eugenic project aimed at breeding a“purified” European race, often with strong imperialist overtones. However, when disentangled from the more problematic aspects of his normative agenda, his approach may still offer valuable insights for both political and explanatory purposes

ABSTRACT In Eric Weil’s Logic of Philosophy, the work appears as a rupture with the absolute, an attitude of pure violence, whose opposition is realized by acting, therefore, it is mute. And yet, this attitude has a language. This paper seeks to understand how this contradiction is possible, characterizing the language that the work makes use of. To this end, we have divided this paper into three sections. In the first section, we present the distinction between language and discourse as understood by Weil. Thus arises the resource through which the loan of a discourse to violence is understood, which allows access to its language. In the second section we propose a division of the language of the work into three levels: phenomenon, formality and form. In this section we also discuss an example of the formality with the condition category. In the last section, we propose six features that constitute the third level of the language of the work: myth, metaphor, feeling, usefulness, proposition and imperative. The paper concludes with a review of the aspects worked in the light of the lie and with the proposal of an imperative that is opposed to the imperative of the work, therefore, to its language.

Eric Weil, Karl Jaspers e Martin Heidegger são três filósofos alemães, um deles, judeu: Weil apresenta na categoria do finito uma possibilidade entre os discursos filosóficos que compreende Heidegger e Jaspers. O presente artigo propõe uma compreensão parcial de Jaspers e Heidegger por meio da categoria do finito weiliana e da retomada operada por essa possibilidade do discurso – a finitude – da categoria da obra, cuja fenomenologia é o nazismo. Para esse objetivo, dividiu-se o artigo em três seções, seguidas de uma introdução. Na Introdução apresentamos a relação entre os três pensadores dada por meio de dois textos de Weil. Também elencamos os motivos da escolha das obras de Heidegger e Jaspers que serão discutidas. A primeira seção do artigo contém uma apresentação dos conceitos weilianos que são a base para as seções seguintes. Na segunda seção, esses conceitos são cotejados com o pensamento heideggeriano. Na terceira seção, aplicamos o mesmo método ao pensar de Jaspers, mostrando as limitações que o pensamento de Heidegger encontra no plano político. Encerramos com um pequeno balanço da discussão.

Uma apresentação da categoria weiliana da obra Resumo: No presente artigo propomos uma apresentação da categoria weiliana da obra, a categoria da violência pura. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três seções. Na primeira, descrevemos a atitude e a categoria da obra. Trata-se da categoria weiliana da rejeição consciente da razão e do indivíduo que vive a sua atitude. Na segunda, mostramos como se dá a compreensão da obra pela filosofia weiliana. Essa compreensão só é possível emprestando à obra uma linguagem que ela rejeita, a linguagem filosófica. Na terceira, concluímos com uma descrição do chamado homem da obra, conforme visto na categoria da obra. Utilizamos também a tipologia do líder das multidões desamparadas presente no ensaio Masses et individus historiques. Palavras-chave: Obra; Categoria; Violência; Eric Weil. A presentation of the Weilian category of the work Abstract: In this paper we propose a presentation of the Weilian category of the work, the category of pure violence. To this end, we divided the paper into three sections. In the first, we describe the attitude and the category of the work. It is the Weilian category of conscious rejection of reason and the individual who lives his attitude.In the second, we show how the category of the work is understood by Weilian philosophy. This understanding is only possible by lending the work a language that it rejects, the philosophical language.In the third, we conclude with a description of the so-called man of the work, as seen in the category of the work. In the last section, we also used the typology of the leader of the helpless crowd present in the essay Masses et individus historiques. Keywords: Work; Category; Violence; Eric Weil. Une présentation de la catégorie weilienne de l'œuvre Résumé: Dans cet article, nous proposons une présentation de la catégorie weilienne de l'œuvre, la catégorie de la violence pure. Pour ce faire, nous avons divisé l'article en trois différentes sections. Dans le premier, nous décrivons l'attitude et la catégorie de l'œuvre. C'est la catégorie weilienne du rejet conscient de la raison et de l'individu qui vit cette attitude. Dans la deuxième section, nous montrons comment l'œuvre est comprise par la philosophie weilienne. Cette compréhension n'est possible qu'en prêtant à l'œuvre un langage qu'elle rejette, le langage philosophique. Dans la troisième section, nous concluons par une description du soi-disant homme du travail, vu dans la catégorie travail. Nous avons également utilisé la typologie du chef de la foule désemparées présente dans l'essai Masses et individus historiques. Mots clés: Œuvre ; Catégorie ; Violence ; Eric Weil. Data de registro: 29/04/2021 Data de aceite: 01/12/2021.