David Ramirez

This chapter serves as a general introduction to the debate about the ethical legal dilemmas of incorporating artificial intelligence into the public and private sphere in Latin America. It provides an overview of the actual political and economic settings that shape the rising popularization of AI in the region: migration crises, political polarization, and economic inflation, but also a great enthusiasm at a local and national level to approach these disruptive technologies. In addition, this work presents a briefing on every individual chapter included in this volume, describing their subjects, objectives, and questionings. These chapters discuss the social impact of current advances in artificial intelligence in Latin America, and the potential ethical and legal controversies derived from its incorporation to improve public services and corporative objectives, but also individual’s daily activities. Its aim is to contribute to the discussion on the ethical and legal debate about using AI, a topic that has been deeply examined on other latitudes, but that required further consideration regarding how Latin Americans have employed AI to comply with private and public aims.

This conclusion serves to summarize the key contributions of the individual works embraced in this volume: the potential benefits of AI but also the ethical and legal risks in the governmental, economic and education sectors. This chapter also delivers a critical approach to the incorporation of AI in Latin Americans’ daily lives. How to create the proper settings to promote a responsible use of artificial intelligence at a national and regional level. But, as authors argue, fomenting a responsible use of AI is not an exclusive task of governments. It requires the collaboration of all actors (citizens, authorities, corporations and non-governmental organizations), as all of them are invested, in a small or large measure, a certain level of control and responsibility regarding the use of AI. Therefore, the constitution of efficient regulations stands on collaboration and the inclusion of all actors’ visions and agendas.

This chapter focuses on the impact of AI in the media sector, particularly on journalism. The chapter narrows in on how this disruptive technology provides advantages to media and journalists, but its incorporation in the realm is also the source of debates about the potential adverse effects on the worker’s labor conditions and on intellectual property rights. This discussion is particularly relevant in regions such as Latin America where journalists are already sorting precarization, harassment, and insecurity. The aim of this work is to provide evidence on how the AI’s impact in the media sector should be seen not as unprecedented, but as part of a long-standing process shaped by the incorporation of digital media in the news creation process and the shift of the revenue model from paper to digital format. This chapter will discuss how AI could help newspapers to improve and speed the production of content, but it may also exacerbate other existent problems such as the loss of employment, copyright infringement and the newspaper financing crisis in a context shaped by hard competition and the diversification of information sources, where traditional media competes with social media and digital content creators to mesmerize the consumer’s attention.

This book analyzes the potential benefits of using artificial intelligence to surpass traditional social and economic problems in Latin America, but it also looks to understand the perils and barriers derived from the adoption of this technology. This volume is divided in Section 1. “Considering AI in the private sphere” that debates about the employment of artificial intelligence from the citizen’s perspective. It embraces topics related with the introduction of AI in the media and the labor market, and how Latin Americans perceive, engage and mobilize before the rising presence of AI in their daily lives. Section 2. Challenges and promises of AI in the public sector centers on the ethical and legal controversies triggered by the incorporation of artificial intelligence in the public sphere. It focuses on the promising benefits of introducing AI in the public administration, education and public security, but also the latent impacts on human rights.

RESUMEN Este artículo explora si hay algún fundamento sólido para atribuir a Leonardo da Vinci prioridad en la formulación del símil que lleva a concebir el ojo como una cámara obscura. Aquí, se defiende una posición pesimista. No obstante, el artículo resalta algunos aportes del pintor renacentista que pueden considerarse contribuciones a la consolidación del símil. ABSTRACT The article explores whether there is any solid basis for attributing to Leonardo da Vinci the priority in formulating the simile that leads to conceiving the eye as a camera obscura. Here, a pessimistic position is defended, however, the article highlights some of Leonardo's contributions to the consolidation of the simile.

Como complemento documental de otro artículo anterior publicado en Arbor, “En el origen de la novela corta del Siglo de Oro: los novellieri en España”, el que ahora ve la luz es una una antología, con una nota inicial indicando los criterios de selección y edición de una serie de censuras, prólogos y dedicatorias en los que se manifiestan los problemas de traducción de algunos pasajes de obras italianas difíciles de asimilar en la España de la Contrarreforma, se aprecian los recelos de la censura inquisitorial, y también se adivina, en las últimas décadas del siglo XVI, un estado de conciencia de estar haciendo algo nuevo, algo que podía despertar el genio de los literatos para que España se pusiese a la altura de Italia en el terreno novelístico.

Este estudio presenta un panorama general sobre la recepción y el impacto en España de los novellieri que fueron traducidos al castellano. Se han abordado aquellos aspectos que reúnen más interés sobre los problemas bibliográficos y las cuestiones derivadas de las traducciones de las obras de Straparola, Guicciardini, Bandello y Giraldi Cinzio, aparecidas todas entre 1580 y 1590. Finalmente, se aporta una serie de sugerencias con las que habrá que contar para tratar de reconstruir con suficientes garantías ese capítulo liminar de la historia de la novela en España que tiene como epicentro la difusión de los novellieri en España.