Dhananjay Trivedi

Results: The findings reveal a very high level of awareness and acceptance of yoga among students. 98.2% of respondents reported familiarity with yoga, 92.7% expressed that they like practising yoga, and 96.4% considered yoga important in their lives. Importantly, 93.2% of students believed that yoga contributes to their holistic development. Students also reported positive perceptions regarding concentration, non-violence, truthfulness, contentment, physical fitness, and meditation as aspects of yogic life.

Why has the concept of duḥkha (suffering) and its cessation (duḥkha-nivṛtti) been primarily explored through the lens of Buddhist philosophy, while the profound philosophical treatments found in the Shrimadbhagwad Gita and the Yoga-Sutra of Patanjali have received comparatively limited attention? Why is there a scarcity of comparative studies that examine these two foundational Hindu texts specifically in relation to duḥkha from the Purusha-Prakriti perspective? Among the few available works, why do most tend to focus on therapeutic or medical interpretations, aimed at patient comfort, rather than engaging with the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of suffering and its transcendence? In this context, what philosophical frameworks do the Gita and the Yoga-Sutra offer to understand the nature, origin, and cessation of duḥkha? How do these texts differ or converge in their interpretations of suffering and the means to overcome it? And in what ways can their insights, when studied comparatively, contribute to a deeper and more holistic understanding of liberation (mokṣa)? This study seeks to explore these critical questions by uncovering the philosophical foundation of duḥkha and duḥkha-nivṛtti in both texts, thereby filling a significant gap in existing scholarship and offering fresh perspectives on suffering, consciousness, and spiritual well-being.

The study explores how Indian philosophical ethics can provide a transformative foundation for contemporary cybersecurity governance. Modern digital systems are dominated by technocratic and legalistic frameworks that emphasise compliance and control but often neglect moral consciousness and collective welfare. Drawing upon the concepts of Dharma, Nyāya, Nīti, Ahimsa, and Lokasaṃgraha, this research reinterprets cybersecurity as a moral ecosystem sustained by duty, justice, prudence, and non-harm. The work introduces an original theoretical construct- the Dharma-Centric Governance Model (DCGM)- developed by Dr. Dhananjay Trivedi. The DCGM integrates Indian ethical philosophy with international standards such as the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation, a European Union law), NIST framework (National Institute of Standards and Technology, a US agency), and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act. It rests upon five axioms and operates through five interdependent layers: ontological, normative, procedural, technical, and civic. The model operationalises Dharma through practical mechanisms, including Dharma Audits and Ethical Impact Assessments. Through comparative analysis of global cyber incidents and Indian regulatory contexts, the research demonstrates that sustainable cybersecurity requires ethical sovereignty, a state’s capacity to exercise digital power with moral restraint. The study concludes that Dharma offers not only a philosophical ideal but also a pragmatic blueprint for global digital governance. By fusing timeless moral principles with modern regulatory design, the research proposes a new paradigm of ethical cyber governance that aligns technological innovation with human values and universal welfare.

Preface to First Issue- It is with great humility and enthusiasm that I present the inaugural issue of the India Independent Philosophical Journal. This peer-reviewed platform is a testament to the enduring power of free inquiry, rigorous analysis, and thoughtful dialogue—values that lie at the heart of both Indian and world philosophy. At this pivotal moment, I offer my sincere and profound gratitude to all the esteemed members of the Editorial and Advisory Board, whose scholarship, insights, and rigorous reviews have greatly enriched the quality and integrity of this issue. Their thoughtful engagement with submitted papers, valuable suggestions, and philosophical rigor have helped shape this journal into a credible academic forum from its very inception. I am especially grateful to Prof. (Dr.) Jatashankar Tiwari, an eminent scholar and a guiding force in the field of Indian philosophy. As a former member of the Governing Body of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), Government of India, his long-standing academic contributions and institutional experience have greatly enriched the philosophical community. His continued encouragement, critical insights, and moral support have been instrumental in shaping the vision and direction of this journal from its inception. I am deeply thankful to Prof. (Dr.) Dwarka Nath, former Head of the Department of Philosophy at DDU Gorakhpur University, for his scholarly suggestions and continued guidance, which have helped refine the academic quality of this journal. I also extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Prashant Shukla, Associate Professor at the University of Lucknow, whose rigorous feedback and insightful review process have contributed significantly to maintaining the philosophical depth and precision in the published articles. My heartfelt thanks also go to our distinguished editorial board members: • Prof. (Dr.) Shivani Sharma • Prof. (Dr.) Gopalchandra Misra • Prof. (Dr.) C. Upendra • Dr. Surendra Pratap Singh • Prof. (Dr.) Mario Lupoli (International Member) Each of you has contributed not only through intellectual guidance but also by offering careful peer review and helping improve the scholarly standards of the journal. Your collective presence reflects the interdisciplinary and pluralistic spirit we wish to cultivate. Dr. Dhananjay Trivedi Chief Editor India Independent Philosophical Journal, Assistant Professor, Gyanmanjari Innovative University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

Editorial The India Independent Philosophical Journal is pleased to present Volume 2, Issue I (January 2026). Following the successful publication of its inaugural volume, the journal continues its commitment to promoting high-quality, peer-reviewed philosophical research rooted in both Indian and global intellectual traditions. This issue brings together scholarly contributions that address a broad spectrum of philosophical concerns, including Indian philosophy, comparative and contemporary thought, ethics, philosophy of mind, consciousness studies, existentialism, and emerging debates related to science, technology, and artificial intelligence. The diversity of themes and methodological approaches represented here reflects the journal’s objective of encouraging rigorous, critical, and interdisciplinary philosophical inquiry. All manuscripts published in this issue have undergone a double-blind peer-review process, with each submission evaluated by independent subject experts. The editorial decision-making has been guided by criteria of originality, conceptual clarity, methodological soundness, and scholarly relevance. Through this process, the journal seeks to uphold academic integrity and contribute constructively to ongoing philosophical discourse. The Editorial Team expresses its sincere appreciation to the members of the Editorial and Advisory Board and to the reviewers for their careful assessments and valuable recommendations, which have been instrumental in maintaining the academic standards of the journal. The editors also thank the contributors for their original research and for engaging thoughtfully with the review process. As the journal moves forward, it remains committed to fostering philosophical scholarship that is reflective, inclusive, and socially relevant. The India Independent Philosophical Journal aims to serve as a credible academic platform for sustained dialogue across traditions and disciplines, and it welcomes future contributions that advance philosophical understanding in meaningful ways. Dr. Dhananjay Trivedi Chief Editor India Independent Philosophical Journal

Yoga is one of the most ancient and important philosophical thought systems that originated in India about 2500 years ago. It has applicability over every human being irrespective of religion, caste creed, gender, etc. According to yoga-sutra vrittis and klesha are the fundamental ground for suffering. According to yoga the ultimate aim of life is liberation. To achieve it one has to overcome all barriers of life, from physical to psychological to mental. Sage Patanjali in Yoga- sutras has beautifully explained the concept of psychological barriers in the form of vrittis and klesha and provides the path to overcome them. If we follow the path of yoga and the concept of Bhavana, will lead to a positive psychological effect on the mind, and also lead to the holistic development of human beings. All four Bhavanas will help us to stop all mental modification which will help a person to realize the ultimate goal of samadhi.