Dr. Ir. Emanuel Rutten (1973) earned his doctorate in philosophy at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in 2012 with a dissertation on cosmological arguments for the existence of God. Since then, he has been affiliated as a lecturer and researcher with the Department of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He is also associated with the Ethos Center for Societal Transformation and the Philosophical School of the Netherlands. His research focuses on rhetoric, epistemology, metaphysics, and dialectics.