Esma Kayar

This article aims to reveal the theory of the modality of the Megarian school of philosophy especially based on the concept of possibility. The Megarian school founded by Eukleides and shaped by the teachings of Socrates and Parmenides. One of the most important contributions of the school to the history of philosophy is the theory of modality of its members. The idea of the possibility of the first Megarians reached us through Aristotle. The Megarian and Aristotelian understandings of the concept possibility are in conflict. This conflict continued via the Master Argument of Diodorus Cronus, in the later period of the school. The conception of the modality of the Philo of Megara, who is a pupil of Diodorus, has some similarities with Aristotle's.

Bu çalışmada Metin Erksan’ın 1965 yapımı Sevmek Zamanı filminin “bir resme âşık olma” hikâyesi gibi görünen anlatısının aslında dönemin varoluşçu felsefesinin Türkiye’deki özgün bir yansıması olduğu ve bunun da filmdeki kadın karakter ile kurulduğu gösterilecektir. Yazıda filmde beliren temsil, korku, özgürlük ve iletişim temaları öncelikle Platon’un mağara alegorisi ve Heidegger’in varoluşçu felsefesinin Dasein (orada-varlık) kavramına başvurularak ele alınacaktır. Filmde âşık olduğunu söylemekten çekinen Halil’in Meral’in temsiline kaçışı resmin bakışındaki iyilik ve sevgi ile açıklanır. Doğada insanların uzağında yaşayan ve çalışan Halil arkadaşı Mustafa’nın kötülük uyarısı ile Meral’den kaçmaktan vazgeçip onunla konuşmaya karar verir. Halil’in kaçışındaki korkunun kaynağı Halil’in varoluşunun Meral tarafından tanınıp onaylanmaması ihtimali olsa da Meral’in Halil’in varoluşuna özgürce ve ihtimamla yaklaşarak Halil’in korkusunu daha derin bir varoluşsal kaygı ve özgürlükle karşı karşıya getirir. Yazı Meral’in Halil ile aynı moda girebilip onu anlayabilmesi ve bu güce sahip olmasının ikisi arasında iletişimi mümkün kıldığını iddia etmektedir. Yazıda en son filmin toplumsal gerçekçi yanında kadın sorununun nasıl şekillendiği ortaya konulacaktır. Meral Halil’i tanısa, kendisi Halil tarafından tanınsa bile kendi sınıfından gelen bir tanıma reddi ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu tanımamanın ölüm kadar sert bir şiddete ulaşmasının nedeni ise ekonomik sınıfı değil cinsiyetidir.

The principle of excluded middle is more important than is commonly believed for understanding Kant's overall philosophical project. In the article, this principle is examined in the following contexts: kinds of judgments, concepts of opposition, negation, and determination, and apagogic proof. It is first explained how the principle of excluded middle is employed by Kant in distinguishing between the kinds of judgment. Also called the principle of division, it is the principle of disjunctive and apodictic judgments in Kant's famous table of judgments. Next, the Author shows which kind of opposition is related to the principle of the excluded middle. As a merely logical criterion of truth, this principle grounds the logical necessity of a cognition and plays an important role in the use of apagogical proofs. Then Kant's account of logical negation will be investigated briefly. Negative judgment with a negative copula indicates that something is not contained within the sphere of a given concept. This process occurs in accordance with the principle of excluded middle. Finally, an analysis is made of how Kant presents the metaphysical principle of thoroughgoing determination and its differences from the logical principle of excluded middle.

The first principle of Fichte’s philosophy, the Wissenschaftslehre, is “I am,” whereas the logical principle of identity is “A is A.” The relationship of Fichte’s philosophy to logic helps us understand the relation between the principles of these two disciplines. The first principle of the Wissenschaftslehre as an Act (Thathandlung) is the ground of consciousness and therefore renders logic possible as a science. Even though logic is grounded on the Wissenschaftslehre, the form of logic is used by the latter to comprehend itself. The difference between logic and the Wissenschaftslehre consists in the fact that the former merely supplies a form and the latter contains both the form and the content. Logic arises from the Wissenschaftslehre through the free acts termed “abstraction” and “reflection.” In the Wissenschaftslehre, the form of logical propositions as equality, affirmation and substitution, are derived from the primordial act of the self-positing of the I.