In 1815, just a few years after the so-called Theismusstreit, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi once again launched an attack on the philosophy of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Now, the target of his criticism is the book Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom, which Schelling had published in 1809. Jacobi holds that the personal God conceived by Schelling can never be separated from the fate of struggle and death to which God Himself would have subjected Himself by vir…
Read moreIn 1815, just a few years after the so-called Theismusstreit, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi once again launched an attack on the philosophy of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Now, the target of his criticism is the book Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom, which Schelling had published in 1809. Jacobi holds that the personal God conceived by Schelling can never be separated from the fate of struggle and death to which God Himself would have subjected Himself by virtue of His love. Instead of attaining personal perfection, Schelling’s God would be confined to the naturalistic sphere which, in principle, he ought to dominate. Since, for Jacobi, the perfect and the spiritual — that is, God — can only be presupposed (not known) as the creative beginning, it is impossible to find it as the result of a process derived from the imperfect and the natural. Insofar as a naturalistic approach is taken as the starting point, Jacobi considers that the possibility of believing in a spiritual and personal being who creats all things is ruled out. Consequently, the true conclusion of Schelling’s philosophy would be not so much the spiritual victory of God, but rather the ever-recurring fate of death inherent in everything natural. We believe that Jacobi’s critique of Schelling can be reinterpreted if we analyse the Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom in the light of the conception of religion proposed by René Girard’s mimetic theory. From Girard’s perspective, Schelling’s philosophy can be regarded as a philosophy of the sacred; that is to say, as a philosophy linked to those forms of religion that were founded on violence. The personal life of Schelling’s God can be seen as a metaphysical formulation of what, according to Girard, characterises the archaic gods typical of sacred religions. In the sacred religions, the god is a victim murdered in a founding crime. The calm that follows the crime leads to a misinterpretation of what happened in the murder: that innocent victim, as human as his lynch mob, is regarded by the murderers as a god who restored their lost peace. In the sacred, according to Girard, death is a prerequisite for deification: an archaic god is only a god because he is an innocent victim who has been murdered (in contrast to Christianity, in which Jesus is God regardless of the death to which he was subjected by human beings). Without death, there is no sacred religion. This is precisely what happens in Schelling. Schelling’s God needs suffering and death in order to be God. His divine status cannot be separated from death, for, without it, he could not — according to Schelling — unfold his living and personal nature. Whilst, for Girard, Christianity is characterised by separating God from death and violence, Schelling’s Christianity is grounded in death, just as is the case with archaic religion. Whilst, for Girard, the ‘cornerstone’ of culture is the innocent victim murdered in a founding crime, for Schelling the ‘cornerstone’ is the silent, compact nature to which God himself originally reduced his own life in order to unfold it in a process of self-revelation. For both Girard and Schelling, the ‘beginning’ or the ‘origin’ is unknowable within the conceptual frameworks made possible by that very beginning. However, whilst for Girard the beginning is a founding crime distorted by myths, for Schelling the beginning is nature, freely chosen by God as the ground of His existence. Jacobi’s critique of Schelling (namely, the impossibility of breaking out the natural circle that is said to underpin the existence of God) can be reframed in Girard’s terms: Schelling’s thought constitutes a philosophical mystification of the violence inherent in the archaic sacred; as such, it cannot escape the cycle of violence in which human culture is deeply rooted. Far from arguing that the rocky nature of the world is the ‘dark ground’ of the true God, Girard would say that the true ‘dark ground’ is the founding crime of the false gods of violence.