Gabriela Arriagada Bruneau

In 2021, Chile became the first country to discuss two initiatives addressing the potential misuse of neurotechnologies: a constitutional amendment (Bill 13827-19) and a bill to create neurorights (Bill 13828-19). While the constitutional reform was swiftly approved, the bill for the creation of specific neurorights remains under discussion in the Chamber of Deputies. Despite initial support, both initiatives currently face criticism. Meanwhile, Chile has advanced in regulating AI systems through legislative proposals (Bills 16821-19/15869-19). A study by (Humeres et al. in Big Data Society, 12(1), 2025) identifies three key controversies in Chile’s AI regulation process: deflection of technology liability, instrumentalization of policy, and moralization of technology use. This chapter explores how this analysis focused on sources of controversy could inform the neurorights debate currently in need of a systematic socio-political analysis. Applying this framework could help categorize the diverse positions within the discussion, providing a more comprehensive understanding of its development.

The affective scaffolding framework underlies differing perspectives on how griefbots affect the grieving process. While some researchers are optimistic, others draw more cautious conclusions. We endorse the view that griefbots are affective scaffolds. However, we draw a pessimistic conclusion about human-griefbot interaction. There are two main views on successful grief: the “Freudian view” and the continuing bonds view. The “Freudian view” paves the way to the pessimistic conclusion. In this paper, we propose a free-energy approach of the “Freudian view”. Predictive processing is often regarded as providing a process theory for the free-energy principle. In this framework, model evidence must be maximised by updating and optimising models. Griefbots are not recommendable since they are scaffolds that obstruct and lengthen the maximisation of model evidence, making models more rigid and poorly adaptable to changing dynamics. Building on this approach, we examine the ethical dimensions of griefbot’s use and design. We argue that there is something inherently morally wrong in the very conception of griefbots. Their functionality predisposes them to cause harm by disrupting the grief process.

In this thesis, I will introduce the Bias Network Approach (BNA) as a novel sociotechnical intervention designed to aid AI developers in identifying and addressing biases more comprehensively. The methodology of this thesis is mixed. Although primarily philosophical, it also includes an empirical case study demonstrating how to use the BNA in real life. Hence, in the second half of the thesis, I will discuss the case study findings to analyse how they support my theoretical proposal and the philosophical arguments presented in the first half of the thesis. In Chapter 1, I will criticise “the problems of bias”: technocentrism, conceptual ambiguity, and isolated approaches to identify and mitigate bias. In Chapter 2, I will argue in favour of a sociotechnical approach, reviewing sociotechnical proposals by other researchers, and drawing key elements from them to ground my BNA proposal. In Chapter 3, I will address the conceptual ambiguity problem in more detail, contrasting “negative” and “positive” views of bias in AI, to then untangle a working definition for bias to be used in the BNA. In Chapter 4, I will present the BNA proposal through an empirical case study, analysing its main findings. In Chapter 5, I will provide guidance for developers and prompters wishing to adopt the BNA as a transitional intervention to promote ethical reflection. In Chapter 6, I will explain how responsibility should be attributed to developers, prompters, and organisations applying the BNA, including insights about responsibility as a moral obligation, forward- backward- and active responsibility, as well as the ethical agency of AI developers. Finally, there is an Afterword, in which I will discuss an avenue for future work and hypothesise on how the core idea of a network approach could be extended to other ethical concerns in AI ethics.

Este artículo examina la incorporación de la ética aplicada a la inteligencia artificial (IA) en los currículos universitarios chilenos, destacando la urgencia de implementar un marco de acción integrado. Mediante un análisis documental, se evidencia que la mayoría de los programas de educación superior no declaran cursos de ética en IA en sus currículos, lo que alerta la necesidad de sistematizar esta integración institucionalmente. En respuesta, proponemos un enfoque basado en el feminismo en la ciencia y el feminismo de datos, promoviendo la inclusión de diversas perspectivas y experiencias en la enseñanza de la ética aplicada. Este marco busca mejorar la integración de la ética en el currículo y también preparar a los estudiantes para resolver dilemas éticos en contextos sociotécnicos complejos, reforzando la necesidad del razonamiento ético aplicado en la formación en disciplinas asociadas a la IA.

El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en América Latina enfrenta desafíos éticos y regulatorios que no han sido adecuadamente abordados en los marcos éticos y normativos predominantes, influenciados primordialmente por intereses y narrativas del Norte Global. Este artículo de investigación explora la necesidad de descolonizar la ética de la IA en la región, promoviendo enfoques que integren epistemologías del Sur y metodologías participativas. Se argumenta que la IA debe transformarse en una herramienta que desafíe las desigualdades estructurales detrás del desarrollo de esta tecnología y que se considere el ecosistema sociotécnico que la rodea. Se analiza el contexto regulatorio en América Latina con un ejemplo específico de la discusión en Chile, se promueve un entendimiento sociotécnico de la IA, y se plantea la necesidad de descolonizar la ética de la IA para poder garantizar políticas públicas que sean inclusivas y diversas, en respuesta a los contextos culturales y necesidades sociales propias de Latinoamérica.

We introduce the Bias Network Approach (BNA) as a sociotechnical method for AI developers to identify, map, and relate biases across the AI development process. This approach addresses the limitations of what we call the "isolationist approach to AI bias," a trend in AI literature where biases are seen as separate occurrence linked to specific stages in an AI pipeline. Dealing with these multiple biases can trigger a sense of excessive overload in managing each potential bias individually or promote the adoption of an uncritical approach to understanding the influence of biases in developers’ decision-making. The BNA fosters dialogue and a critical stance among developers, guided by external experts, using graphical representations to depict biased connections. To test the BNA, we conducted a pilot case study on the "waiting list” project, involving a small AI developer team creating a healthcare waiting list NPL model in Chile. The analysis showed promising findings: (i) the BNA aids in visualizing interconnected biases and their impacts, facilitating ethical reflection in a more accessible way; (ii) it promotes transparency in decision-making throughout AI development; and (iii) more focus is necessary on professional biases and material limitations as sources of bias in AI development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ perceptions of their learning experience through engagement in an active learning strategy termed "deliberative activity," designed to foster the development of moral reasoning. This strategy was implemented in an elective ethics course within a higher education setting. To evaluate the experience, we conducted a pilot case study using two qualitative analysis instruments: an individual survey and a focus group to capture students' perspectives. The qualitative analysis identified three key themes: (1) Pedagogical Design; (2) Application of Ethics to Real-Life Contexts; and (3) Openness to Dialogue. The findings suggest that the proposed strategy could serve as an effective pedagogical tool for incorporating applied ethics into the higher education curriculum, especially in interdisciplinary contexts. Additionally, the results indicate that further research should focus on specific disciplinary contexts and emphasize the need to improve feedback practices during the development of the deliberative activity. This improvement could be achieved by adopting an assessment-for-learning approach, allowing for ongoing feedback throughout the learning process.

Abstract:This article examines the incorporation of applied ethics into artificial intelligence (AI) within Chilean university curricula, emphasizing the urgent need to implement an integrated framework of action. Through a documentary analysis, it becomes evident that most higher education programs do not explicitly include AI ethics courses in their curricula, highlighting the need for institutionalizing this integration systematically. In response, we propose an approach grounded in feminist science and data feminism, advocating for the inclusion of diverse perspectives and experiences in the teaching of applied ethics. This framework aims not only to enhance the integration of ethics into the curriculum but also to prepare students to address ethical dilemmas in complex sociotechnical contexts, underscoring the importance of applied ethical reasoning in AI-related disciplines. Keywords: AI ethics, professional ethics, sociotechnics, feminist epistemology, diversity. Resumen: Este artículo examina la incorporación de la ética aplicada a la inteligencia artificial (IA) en los currículos universitarios chilenos, destacando la urgencia de implementar un marco de acción integrado. Mediante un análisis documental, se evidencia que la mayoría de los programas de educación superior no declaran cursos de ética en IA en sus currículos, lo que alerta sobre la necesidad de sistematizar esta integración institucionalmente. En respuesta, proponemos un enfoque basado en el feminismo en la ciencia y el feminismo de datos, promoviendo la inclusión de diversas perspectivas y experiencias en la enseñanza de la ética aplicada. Este marco busca mejorar la integración de la ética en el currículo y también preparar a los estudiantes para resolver dilemas éticos en contextos sociotécnicos complejos, reforzando la necesidad del razonamiento ético aplicado en la formación en disciplinas asociadas a la IA. Palabras clave: ética de IA, ética profesional, sociotecnología, epistemología feminista, diversidad.

From 1950 onwards, the study of creativity has not stopped. Today, AI has revitalised debates on the subject. That is especially controversial in the artworld, as the 21st century already features AI-generated artworks. Without discussing issues about AI agency, this article argues for AI’s creativity. For this, we first present a new functionalist understanding of Margaret Boden’s definition of creativity. This is followed by an analysis of empirical evidence on anthropocentric barriers in the perception of AI’s creative capabilities, which is later criticised for considering insights from media theory. Finally, benefits derived from including AI as an artistic creative producer and supportive tool are discussed. It is then argued that AI can contribute to democratising the artworld. Therefore its creative role must be recognised.

Pre-order available. The development of new information technologies is significantly boosted by the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The possibilities offered by the AI are unsuspected and force us to rethink different areas of our lives, including the creation of content, our way of interacting on social networks, and how we learn and/or teach in schools and universities. Therefore, it is unavoidable that we will see an increase in the influence of AI- based breaking technologies in the upcoming decades. In this book, we address the challenges posed by adopting and developing these technologies and how they can impact people. In this scenario, ethics, the scope, and the impact of technology on people are critical. First, the book discusses the ethical aspects of AI, presents a socio-technical approach to integrating Ethics into AI projects, and outlines perspectives around feminism, sustainability, and labour transformation. Next, the concepts of fairness, accountability, and transparency are introduced, discussing their implications for developing information systems such as recommender systems, including aspects related to data privacy. Then the book focuses on the relevance of natural language processing systems, highlighting debias strategies and evaluation methodologies. The scopes of fairness-based approaches for Chat GPT and other generative language models are also introduced. Finally, advanced topics that include the relationship between AI and disinformation are addressed, including a discussion of the scope of news-generative models that produce deep fakes. The book ends with a discussion of the perspectives and challenges in the area. This book is devoted to an audience of advanced undergraduate and graduate students from all disciplines related to information systems. It is also helpful for researchers and practitioners interested in the subject.

In this chapter we explore the intersection of gender dynamics and artificial intelligence (AI) through the lens of sex robots, chatbots, and AI assistants. Utilizing feminist philosophy of technology, we critique the ways AI systems reflect and perpetuate entrenched gender stereotypes and social hierarchies. The analysis reveals that female-gendered sex robots, conversational AI, and virtual assistants are often designed to align with traditional notions of femininity, serving men-centric fantasies or reinforcing subservient roles. Furthermore, these technologies replicate societal biases by embedding gendered assumptions within AI design, training data, and user interaction frameworks. We draw attention to the importance of inclusive, participatory approaches to AI development, supporting an ethical reorientation that prioritizes transparency, social justice, and the deconstruction of patriarchal structures in AI. We call for addressing gender biases in AI, to pave the way for more equitable, diverse, and socially responsible technological futures.

En este artículo relatamos cómo el Centro Nacional de Inteligencia Artifcial (CENIA) busca abordar las consideraciones éticas en sus proyectos de investigación de IA. Hemos conformado un Grupo de Trabajo en Ética (GTE) con representantes de cada línea de investigación del Centro y, en conjunto, hemos explorado diferentes desafíos que aquí resumimos. Primero, discutimos si el enfoque ético en IA requiere un análisis adicional al de los comités de ética de investigación. Luego, revisamos los principios que se han propuesto para resolver los problemas éticos que emergen alrededor de la IA. Finalmente, presentamos la iniciativa de CENIA para priorizar principios éticos propios, que involucra el desarrollo de un enfoque metodológico para evaluarlos. Como conclusión, destacamos la importancia de la ética como una herramienta para mejorar el desarrollo de la IA y subrayamos la necesidad de enfoques éticos específcos para la región latinoamericana.

¿De qué manera funcionan los sistemas de inteligencia artificial? ¿Por qué es importante fortalecer el nivel de transparencia, explicabilidad y privacidad? ¿Es posible prevenir la discriminación en el diseño de los programas? ¿Podemos personalizar las tecnologías para reforzar la inclusión de minorías sexuales, raciales y personas neurodivergentes? A diferencia de otros ámbitos tratados por la ética —como el medioambiente o los animales—, la IA no está viva, aprende con datos y comportamientos humanos y, por ende, es un instrumento que refleja nuestras inclinaciones morales y culturales. En esta línea, Gabriela Arriagada Bruneau —filósofa y científica computacional— explica cómo los distintos tipos de sesgos y discriminación pueden prevenirse no sólo perfeccionando la tecnología, sino atendiendo las diversas realidades e integrando múltiples enfoques y disciplinas. Los sesgos del algoritmo es un ensayo destinado a todo público interesado en comprender los factores éticos y sociales implicados en la IA. La importancia de lograr un acceso más universal a la tecnología e integrar a personas con limitaciones sociales o cognitivas, implementar herramientas educativas, y precisar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas enfermedades.

En este artículo examino el estado actual de la “segunda ola” de la ética en la inteligencia artificial (IA), la cual se centra en la integración de principios éticos fundamentales como la justicia, la privacidad, la transparencia y la explicabilidad en el diseño, uso e implementación de sistemas de IA. Argumento que, aunque esta fase ha sido criticada por su naturaleza abstracta y su falta de contextualización, es imperativo que la emergente “tercera ola” adopte un cambio paradigmático hacia un “desvelar ético”. Propongo que este desvelar ético debería involucrar un profundo y continuo proceso hermenéutico que no solo interprete cómo las tecnologías de IA reconfiguran nuestras estructuras sociales, políticas y personales, sino que también actúe como un medio de liberación del enmarcamiento tecnológico Heideggeriano. Este enfoque sugiere que la ética debe ser considerada no solo como un complemento, sino como un componente esencial y fundamental en el ciclo de vida del desarrollo de la IA, fomentando así una integración más profunda de consideraciones éticas que guíen tanto la innovación tecnológica como su implementación práctica.

This book takes us to explore the 'life of robots' and presents us with a refreshing narrative that demystifies their recurrent anthropomorphic understanding. General ideas of what robots are and what they can do often lack knowledge about the limitations, functionality, and complexity needed to turn a robot into a fully operational machine. In this book, the authors portray a grounded and accessible description of current research developing robots. They are insightful, yet still allow the reader to understand basic processes and requirements of robotics. They deliver on their goal to show robots as human artifacts instead of placeholders for anxiety, i.e., a threat. However, they underdeliver regarding the ethical insights of robots as moral agents in the final chapter. Withal, this is an essential introductory reading for anyone interested in learning about the functioning of robotics and AI, and their integration to society.

In this review, we present some ethical imperatives observed in this pandemic from a data ethics perspective. Our exposition connects recurrent ethical problems in the discipline, such as, privacy, surveillance, transparency, accountability, and trust, to broader societal concerns about equality, discrimination, and justice. We acknowledge data ethics role as significant to develop technological, inclusive, and pluralist societies. - - - Resumen: En esta revisión, exponemos algunos de los imperativos éticos observados desde la ética de datos en esta pandemia. Nuestra exposición busca conectar problemas éticos típicos dentro de esta disciplina, a saber, privacidad, vigilancia, transparencia, responsabilidad y confianza, con preocupaciones a nivel social relacionadas con la igualdad, discrimi nación y justicia. Consideramos que la ética de datos tiene un rol significativo para desarrollar sociedades tecnificadas, inclusivas y pluralistas.

In this paper, I will be primarily concerned with moral issues regarding future people and the environment. When it comes to the future, we have deontological and epistemic limitations. The closer to the present, the higher the certainty and the knowledge we have about facts. Thus, when we intend to find moral clarity regarding a future scenario, we deal with an inverse relation between certainty and time. The main problem is that most ways of dealing with moral issues about future scenarios do not address this relation, and rather focus on things that seem to simplify and clarify the uncertainties of the future. In response to this, I propose a different approach, one that operates neutrally and timelessly dealing with the uncertainties of the future while providing moral groundings that can help to clarify the future’s state of moral vagueness.