Gabriela Maria Martins Da Silva

When reflecting on the conditions of a happy human life, Plato and Aristotle agree that we can only understand what happiness is if we tackle the relation between the ergon or proper function of man and the virtue that makes the performance of that function to be good. That´s why both philosophers arrive at the conclusion that eudaimonia is an activity of reason, and even more, an excellent and perfect activity of reason, which shows how Plato and Aristotle are heirs to Socratic Ethics and Epistemology, extending, as well, an invitation to take care for the soul and live and examined and rational life, that is, the happy life.

In the Republic, Plato explains the nature of Justice as one of the main virtues, along Temperance, Courage and Wisdom. According to Terence Irwin, Platonic Justice embodies the essence of all virtues, but we aim to show instead, in the light of Aryeh Kosman thesis, that Platonic Justice is just one virtue of the bunch, nevertheless the most important of the four cardinal virtues, as it stands as the virtue of proper difference in multifunctional individuals. Also, we take the opportunity to tackle a more contemporary approach, inspired by Christine Korsgaard analysis, showing that Platonic Justice is the principle of colective action, that is, the proper and purposive action of a multifunctional entity.

We find the Platonic replenishment theory for the first time in the Gorgias, but it definitely can be find at its clearest in the Republic and the Philebus,where it plays a key role in the Platonic psychology of pleasure. According to thereplenishment theory, pleasure is defined as a movement or process or fulfillmentthat satisfies a previous lack, amounting to the recovery of our natural humanbalance state. Also, replenishment theory underpins ethical issues on the necessity ofpleasure in a good life. The aim of this work is to show how the replenishment theoryshapes Platonic general theory of pleasure, as it is the link between ontologicalquestions about pleasure‟s true nature and ethical questions about its importance inhuman life.

A obra de José Saramago tornou-se conhecida pela peculiaridade das narrativas queabordam temas significativos relacionados aos problemas dos homens com o seu tempo, comoo medo da morte, a história e o seu peso na memória da sociedade, os sentimentos mais diversose também os problemas que constituem a contemporaneidade. No ciclo de romances alegóricos,José Saramago escreve romances em que elabora uma crítica à sociedade voltada ao egoísmo,à solidão, ao consumismo desenfreado e às desigualdades. Todos os nomes, publicado em 1997,é um romance que trata da ideia do nome, em uma alusão à linguagem e à identidade reveladaatravés do nome atribuído a cada indivíduo. A ideia do nome, e de tudo o que ele traz em si,está em Walter Benjamin em diversos textos, mas especificamente em Escritos sobre mito elinguagem. A partir das premissas benjaminianas e de textos críticos acerca da obra de JoséSaramago, este artigo apresenta uma leitura do romance Todos os nomes, estabelecendorelações entre a linguagem a e representação dos indivíduos que surgem a partir da constituiçãodo nome.

Resumen Existe la posibilidad de hallar una conexión entre las perspectivas de C. H. Whiteley y Platón en lo que se refiere a la acción humana, cuando prestamos atención a la noción de conciencia que se tanto uno como otro manejan; el primero, en su obra Mind in Action. An essay in Philosofical Psychology, y, el segundo, en su diálogo tardío Filebo. A pesar de las diferencias que naturalmente podemos encontrar entre dos autores tan lejanos uno del otro, cronológicamente hablando, no obstante, parece que comparten una visión acerca de la noción de conciencia. En efecto, para ambos autores, ella puede caracterizarse como un factor clave de nuestra acción en tanto se define como la reacción de bienvenida respecto a cosas o eventos que se nos presentan. Palabras clave: Platón;Whiteley;Acción; Conciencia; Volición; Placer anticipatorio. Plato and C. H. Whiteley: The Role of Consciousness in Human ActionThere is a possibility of finding a connection between the perspectives of C. H. Whiteley and Plato regarding human action, by paying attention to the notion of consciousness held by both of them; the former is his Mind in Action. An essay in Philosofical Psychology, and the latter in the later dialogue Philebus.. Despite the differences that can be naturally found between two thinkers that are so far away in time from each other, it seems, nonetheless, that they share a view about the notion of consciousness. Indeed, to both authors, this notion can be characterized as a key factor of our action, inasmuch as it is defined as a welcoming reaction to things or events that occur to us. Keywords: Plato;Whiteley; Action; Consciousness; Volition; Anticipatory Pleasu