George R. Lucas Jr

Cyberconflict confronts nations with attacks on military, industrial, and civilian infrastructure and objects that violate conventional norms of war. This conflict represents both criminal theft and vandalism, coupled with sophisticated espionage and intelligence operations, neither category of which has heretofore been considered as the kind of use of force and “armed conflict” that is governed by existing legal and moral regimes. As a result, cyberconflict has been portrayed as a kind of war without rules, and as a form of warfare that obviates existing norms and calls for an entirely new legal regime. Recognizing these challenges, This chapter argues that (1) there are a set of norms governing cyberconflict practices presently emerging from the engagement in these practices by adversaries; and (2) that the emergent norms closely resemble the considerations of conventional armed conflict, sufficiently so as to permit a reasonable extrapolation of current norms to the new cyberdomain.

The essays in this volume deal primarily with moral, legal, and policy issues arising from the use of remotely-piloted drones (RPVs). This essay, by contrast, raises and discusses questions concerning the additional, distinctive challenges or liabilities to be confronted, primarily in engineering and industry, from what is termed elsewhere in this volume “the relentless drive toward autonomy.” This includes principally the demand to exercise “due care” (in analogy with domestic forms of liability law) to ensure that autonomous robotic systems are “safe and reliable,” and can be shown to comply as well as humans, or even more effectively, with the applicable international law of armed conflict.

Christensen, a founding member and the first president of the Hegel Society of America, offers a substantial analysis and critique of the two most formidable metaphysical thinkers in the late modern period. The task is enormous, and is divided by the author into two subvolumes: a “somewhat Whiteheadian perspective” on Hegel’s understanding of “the concrete,” and a “somewhat Hegelian perspective” on Whitehead’s search for concreteness. The adjective “somewhat” apparently signals that the author wishes not merely to expound on each of these two philosophers, but to read them in a critical, independent fashion in the larger task of constructing his own systematic metaphysical position, revolving around the notions of concreteness, “self-evidence,” and “critical method” in philosophy.

Richard Dien Winfield’s most recent work, Reason and Justice, is truly remarkable in its scope, ambition, and thoroughness. In the course of his investigation, Winfield offers challenging evaluations of the political and social thought of a number of contemporary thinkers, including Rawls, MacIntyre, Dworkin, Nozick, Habermas, Apel, Gadamer, Strauss, and Arendt. Simultaneously, he engages in a historical dialogue with the classical political and economic theories of Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Adam Smith, Marx, and most of all, Hegel, in order to forge his own system of justice.

This volume contains twelve papers and selected replies originally delivered at the Tenth Biennial Meeting of the Hegel Society of America, held at Loyola University of Chicago, October 7-9, 1988. The choice to focus that meeting on interpretations of Hegel’s logic presented the contributors to this volume with a formidable challenge. It is one thing to find new ways to interpret Hegel’s thought in the light of contemporary or perennial philosophical problems, or in comparison with the work of other major philosophers. Such themes seem to offer almost limitless and inexhaustible possibilities. Attempting, by contrast, to say something original and important about the Logic constitutes a labor of Sisyphus, in light of the extensive exegesis and interpretation of these texts already undertaken by virtually all of the outstanding Hegel scholars during the past century and a half.

Recent interest in the “continental” dimensions of Whitehead’s philosophy in Europe has prompted a number of international conferences there devoted to his thought. At the first of these, in Bonn in 1981, the participants agreed that some form of “scholarly exchange” between Hegelkenners and Whiteheadians would be extremely timely and beneficial. However, such an exchange, they argued, ought not to occur in Europe, owing to the present somewhat anomalous status of Hegel scholarship in Europe, as well as to the dominant role that Hegel’s thought already plays in contemporary European philosophy generally.

From North Korea's recent attacks on Sony to perpetual news reports of successful hackings and criminal theft, cyber conflict has emerged as a major topic of public concern. Yet even as attacks on military, civilian, and commercial targets have escalated, there is not yet a clear set of ethical guidelines that apply to cyber warfare. Indeed, like terrorism, cyber warfare is commonly believed to be a war without rules. Given the prevalence cyber warfare, developing a practical moral code for this new form of conflict is more important than ever. In Ethics and Cyber Warfare, internationally-respected ethicist George Lucas delves into the confounding realm of cyber conflict. Comparing "state-sponsored hacktivism" to the transformative impact of "irregular warfare" in conventional armed conflict, Lucas offers a critique of legal approaches to governance, and outlines a new approach to ethics and "just war" reasoning. Lucas draws upon the political philosophies of Alasdair MacIntyre, John Rawls, and Jürgen Habermas to provide a framework for understanding these newly-emerging standards for cyber conflict, and ultimately presents a professional code of ethics for a new generation of "cyber warriors." Lucas concludes with a discussion of whether preemptive self-defense efforts - such as the massive government surveillance programs revealed by Edward Snowden - can ever be justified, addressing controversial topics such as privacy, anonymity, and public trust. Well-reasoned and timely, Ethics and Cyber Warfare is a must-read for anyone with an interest in philosophy, ethics, or cybercrime.

This book examines the importance of 'military ethics' in the formulation and conduct of contemporary military strategy. Clausewitz's original analysis of war relegated ethics to the side-lines in favour of political realism, interpreting the proper use of military power solely to further the political goals of the state, whatever those may be. This book demonstrates how such single-minded focus no longer suffices to secure the interest of states, for whom the nature of warfare has evolved to favour strategies that hold combatants themselves to the highest moral and professional standards in their conduct of hostilities. Waging war has thus been transformed in a manner that moves beyond Clausewitz's original conception, rendering political success wholly dependent upon the cultivation and exercise of discerning moral judgment by strategists and combatants in the field. This book utilises a number of perspectives and case studies to demonstrate how ethics now plays a central role in strategy in modern armed conflict. This book will be of much interest to students of just war, ethics, military strategy, and international relations. in strategy in modern armed conflict. This book will be of much interest to students of just war, ethics, military strategy, and international relations.