Gustavo Leyva

In this paper, I address the importance of Kantian cosmopolitanism in order to reflect on an issue that has occupied a central place in moral and political philosophy in recent years: the problem of migration. I am interested in showing that and how the theoretical-systematic introduction of Cosmopolitan Right into the architecture of Public Right by Kant opens up the possibility of offering a normative response at the level of legal and political philosophy to the problem of migration. At the same time, it is necessary to point out at least two limitations of Cosmopolitan Right in the way that Kant has proposed it, namely: on the one hand, the problems of its materialization and institutionalization and, on the other hand, its insufficiency to address the social and economic inequalities between the various States on the surface of the earth that are at the basis of contemporary migratory movements.

The emergence and development of what could be called Critical Theory in Mexico is closely linked to the reception and development of Marx’s works in this country, especially the phase that transpired in a social and political horizon marked by events like the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956) with its increasingly broad and systematic criticism of Stalinism, the beginning of the Sino-Soviet conflict, anti-colonial movements in the Third World (the Algerian war, for example), the Cuban Revolution, the Vietnam War, the student movements of the 1960s in Europe, the United States, and Latin America, and the far-reaching popular movements in the Southern Cone of this continent with the authoritarian excesses that violently deactivated so many of them. It was in that context that the reflections of most of the authors (not only Adolfo Sanchez Vazquez, José Revueltas, and Enrique Gonzalez Rojo, but also Enrique Dussel and Bolívar Echeverría) who are at the center of the reflections in this text, emerged.

Today, Critical Theory is no longer tied to a specific place in the world. Rather, genuine developments of Critical Theories can be observed in many academic contexts around the world. The contributions collected in this book show that the various projects of Critical Theory have not always and not exclusively emerged from the reception of the so-called Frankfurt School, but that the successful global expansion of capitalist modernity has triggered developments of Critical Theories in many parts of the world as an appropriate academic and intellectual endeavor of critique. Whether or not the tradition of the Frankfurt School is followed, Critical Theories are always about an undogmatic reading of Marxist theory, the critique of global capitalist modernity, the question of how this critique should be normatively grounded and how different academic disciplines should complement each other in a common endeavor of critical social and cultural research. The book provides an overview of debates and variants of critical theories in selected countries.

En este trabajo me centro en la _Rechtslehre_ de la _Metaphysik der Sitten_ para exponer el modo en que Kant comprende el Derecho y su indisoluble vínculo con el concepto de libertad. Me detengo en la manera en que Kant analiza el Derecho Privado, especialmente en su análisis de la propiedad, y en el modo en que su fundamentación se enlaza con el establecimiento de un Estado basado sobre el Derecho que es a la vez expresión de una voluntad universal. Hacia el final ofrezco algunas consideraciones en torno a la argumentación kantiana y a los problemas que ella plantea.

In this article, I propose to examine the origins and follow the process of the development of philosophy in Mexico, its periods, currents and most important features, and some of the problems that it is confronting in modern times. One of the guiding ideas that structure this reflection is that philosophy in Mexico has developed along the horizon of a series of economic, political and social events to which philosophy itself has attempted to respond but that, in a manner both simultaneous and decisive, have contributed to configuring philosophy itself. Among these events I would emphasize, first, the experience of the Mexican Revolution, but would add the experience of the Russian Revolution, World Wars I and II, the explosion of the atomic bomb and, later, the Cuban Revolution, the 1968 Student Movement in Mexico, the nuclear catastrophe in Chernobyl, the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the emergence of the Neo-Zapatista movement in the country, as well as the ecological disasters that characterized the 20th century. Nor can we ignore the great challenges that have emerged in recent decades due to the worldwide scourge of inequality, and the extensive migratory movements from poor countries to rich ones caused by the overwhelming force of diverse forms of political and religious fundamentalism, climate change and new forms and waves of violence on both the national and international levels. The recent development of philosophy in Mexico has been marked by growing professionalization and specialization and the formation of a solid community of philosophers with specialized journals that provide spaces for reasoned public discussion and debate that is subject to the argumentative constraints proper to the discipline and conforms to the criteria established by a community that finds itself coming into ever-closer contact with other philosophical communities in and beyond the Spanish-American world. However, and paradoxically, beside this emphasis on specialization, philosophy has lost some of its presence in the public space and grand national discussions and debates. As another central element of its discourse in recent decades we can mention the fact that, parallel to increasing specialization, philosophy in Mexico has been conducted, through its own development, towards greater interaction and dialogue with other sciences and disciplines, leading it to insert itself into a learning process that has allowed it to potentiate the development and advancement of philosophy itself.

This paper examines the relations between identity, otherness and alterity in the field of ethics and, especially, in that of political philosophy. For this, I refer to the work of three eminent thinkers: the Mexican philosopher Luis Villoro, and the German philosophers Jürgen Habermas and Bernhard Waldenfels. In all of them the problems of otherness, alterity, exclusion and inclusion play a very important role: the otherness and the exclusion of other cultures or social groups or entire ethnic groups . The result of this reflection is a conception of democracy and, in general, of the political order, as an order always open to the claims and demands from otherness and alterity, in an endless game between identity and otherness that can never be completed

La presencia del orden se nos impone con singular insistencia. La reflexión sobre el orden, las posibilidades de su emergencia y las condiciones de su articulación y de su crítica, al igual que de su transgresión o transformación, ha constituido un eje central en el pensamiento filosófico y social continental a lo largo del siglo XX. Los trabajos que aparecen en este libro proceden de pensadores provenientes de Alemania, Francia y México y se proponen contribuir a una reflexión amplia, sistemática y a la vez interdisciplinaria sobre este problema a la vez inquietante e inescapable.

"El nacimiento de la fenomenologí­a. Las Investigaciones Lógicas de Edmund Husserl a los cien años de su publicación" Husserl introdujo el término Fenomenologí­a en 1901, en el contexto de sus Investigaciones Lógicas y fue bajo esta denominación que comprenderí­a en lo suscesivo su propia reflexión. Husserl se convirtió con ello en el fundador de la Fenomenologí­a, cuyo desarrollo marco, gradualmente, a toda la filosofí­a más allá de las fronteras de su natal Alemania. Heidegger, Ingarden, Schí¼tz, Sartre, Merleau Ponty, Lévinas o Ricoeur, por ejemplo, son autores cuya obra serí­a impensable sin la veta del pensamiento que abrió Husserl. A partir de este texto, los esfuerzos de Husserl habrán de orientarse en dirección de una nueva fundamen-tación de la lógica pura y de la teorí­a del conocimiento. "The birth of the Phenomenology. The Edmund' Husserl"™s Logical Investigations at the hundred years of their publication." Husserl introduced the term Phenomenology in 1901, in the context of his Logical Investigations and it was under this denomination what he would understand in his latest reflection. Husserl became, with this conceptualization, the founder of the Phenomenology whose development mark, gradually, the whole philosophy beyond the frontiers of his native Germany. Heidegger, Ingarden, Schiitz. Sartre. Merleau Ponty, Levinas or Ricoeur, for example, are authors whose work would be imposible without the ground of the thought that Husserl opened up. Starting from this text, the efforts of Husserl had being guided in address of a new foundation of the pure logic and of the theory of the knowledge

Esta obra aproxima al lector a los conceptos de acción, ética y racionalidad práctica tomando como eje de articulación el análisis del modo en que los clásicos de la historia de la filosofía, desde Platón hasta Donald Davidson, han reflexionado sobre ellos. Se abordan así problemas vinculados con la explicación y narración de la acción al igual que con la relación entre la razón y los deseos o entre la acción, la felicidad y la virtud. Y se analiza también el sentido de la libertad y la autonomía, la distinción entre las acciones y los eventos de la naturaleza, la manera en que deben ser comprendidos la responsabilidad, el mal y el progreso moral, o incluso las complejas relaciones entre la razón práctica y la revelación divina. Con todo ello se proporciona una mirada lo más completa posible y desde diversas perspectivas sobre un problema central para la filosofía desde sus inicios.