Helena Gagnier

This paper explores the cognitive and ethical implications of cognitive extenders—tools that become integral to human cognition by functioning as part of the mind itself. Building on the Extended Mind Thesis, which posits that cognition extends beyond the brain to incorporate external aids, I argue that cognitive extenders, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) tools, can embed and transmit values to users through a process I call “value inheritance.” By examining the relationship between cognition and value-laden technology, I propose that if a technology becomes a cognitive extender, its embedded values may influence the user’s mental content. I show that technological tools are not neutral; they carry values that can affect users’ beliefs and behaviours. Specifically, I examine AI extenders—such as decision-making assistants and language models—that seamlessly integrate with users, potentially embedding biases and societal norms in subtle, unconscious ways. This raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the role of AI developers and policymakers in designing tools that prioritize ethical considerations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ethical stakes in AI design, emphasizing the need for transparency, responsible development, and alignment with societal values to mitigate the risks of unintentional value inheritance. Understanding this potential for value-laden cognitive influence is essential for navigating the ethical landscape of AI technology.