Imran Khan

This essay examines whether the People’s Republic of China can be coherently interpreted within Marxist theoretical categories as inhabiting the primary stage of socialism rather than constituting a restored capitalist formation. Moving beyond surface-level indicators such as the presence of markets, private enterprise, or integration into global capitalism, the analysis adopts a structural approach grounded in historical materialism. Drawing upon Marx, Engels, Lenin, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and contemporary Chinese Marxist scholarship particularly the stage-theoretical framework articulated by Cheng Enfu the essay argues that systemic classification must rest on the dominance of public ownership in strategic sectors, the hierarchy between planning authority and capital, and the subordination of private accumulation to Party-state governance. Through historical comparison with Lenin’s New Economic Policy and theoretical engagement with the concept of transitional development, the paper contends that markets and private capital can operate as subordinate instruments within a socialist political framework under conditions of underdeveloped productive forces. It further evaluates common objections concerning inequality, billionaires, and global economic integration, arguing that these phenomena do not in themselves determine the capitalist character of a system absent autonomous class rule by capital. However, the analysis also identifies emerging tensions within the Chinese project, particularly the growing fusion of socialist legitimacy with nationalist and civilisational discourse. This development raises theoretical questions concerning the compatibility of Marxist internationalism with nationally rooted developmental sovereignty. The essay concludes that China represents neither classical central planning nor liberal capitalism, but a historically specific, state-dominant market formation whose ultimate trajectory remains contingent on the evolving balance between socialist governance and capital expansion.

This research aims to determine the influence of brand trust and brand loyalty on Sociolla customers who are members of the SOCO community in Indonesia. This research uses a quantitative approach, with a sample of 200 respondents. The data analysis technique uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings in this research found brand trust has a positive and significant influence on brand loyalty, so researchers recommend that Sociolla continue to maintain and improve brand trust with positive perceptions through dimensions of brand reliability, brand intentions, and brand reputation so that customers have trust in the brand and form brand loyalty.

In this paper, we utilized triangular conorms. The essence of using S-norm is that the similarity order does not change using different norms. In fact, we are investigating for a new conception for calculating the similarity of two Fermatean fuzzy sets. For this purpose, utilizing an S-norm, we first present a formula for calculating the similarity of two Fermatean fuzzy values, so that they are truthful in similarity properties. Following that, we generalize a formula for calculating the similarity of the two Fermatean fuzzy sets which prove truthful in similarity conditions. Finally, various numerical examples have been presented to elaborate this method.

Considering the current global trend in the digital economy, Facebook commerce is an indispensable component of today’s digital commerce. The purpose of this research is to test the proposed model to validate current theories that evaluate the relationships between online trust and customer f-commerce usage intentions. It has also been proposed to improve usage intention by integrating the relationship between perceived value and trust in electronic commerce. The data was gathered using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with structural equation modeling. In this study, gender has been discussed as a moderating factor. The findings describe the positive relationships that exist between antecedents of trust and user intentions toward f-commerce. Furthermore, according to the findings of the study, females are more concerned than males about developing their intentions to utilize f-commerce for online shopping. Theoretical and practical implications are also presented in this study.